La época colonial hasta 1760 (Cap. 2)

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The current state of Mexican society is influenced by the colonial era and the power dynamics imposed by Spain. This period shaped Mexico's culture, identity, and political cohesions.

The Colonial Era (1521-1821)

• The colonial era in Mexico began after the fall of Mexico in Stitland in 1521 and lasted for three centuries until the proclamation of independence.

• Spanish domination during this period led to political cohesions under the name of New Spain.

• Coexistence and integration between Europeans and indigenous people occurred through force and commitment. Spanish way of life persisted alongside indigenous customs.

• The 15th century saw the rise of Castilla kings' influence, leading to successful expansion through commercial markets and exploration voyages.

• Hernán Cortés played a significant role in the conquest of Mesoamerica, forming alliances with enemies of the Mexicans to achieve strategic advantages.

• The peaceful entrance of the Spanish to Mexico was followed by a fracture in political alliances, leading to resistance movements against Spanish rule.

• The Triste Night episode marked a turning point as indigenous groups rebelled against Spanish soldiers who had entered their territories.

• Mexican forces suffered casualties due to conflicts with Spanish conquerors armed with horses and firearms. Eventually, Colteboc, the last king, was captured.

• A relationship of dominion was established between the Spanish and over 500 gentlemen through a command system that controlled tribes under conquerors' judgment.

• From 1530 onwards, Spanish presence consolidated through reducing conflicts between conquerors and indigenous people.

• The Catholic Church played a crucial role in Spanish dominion, with the constant rise of missionary friars integrating indigenous communities and establishing churches.

• Despite efforts to Christianize the new generations, conflicts between Spanish conquerors over positions and power persisted.

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The Spanish dominion in Mexico was reinforced through government systems, urban development, and control measures implemented by the crown and the church.

Government Systems and Control Measures

• The king imposed a system of cables or castellan units to govern the new dominions. This led to urban development around central squares dominated by government and church institutions.

• The presence of the Catholic Church in new territories further solidified Spanish dominion.

• Missionary friars played a significant role in integrating indigenous peoples into Christianity, establishing churches dedicated to specific saints who became patrons of their communities.

Please note that these summaries are based on the provided transcript.

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The establishment of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in the New World during Spanish dominion.

Establishment of the Holy Office of the Inquisition

• The tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was established in 1571 during Spanish dominion in the New World.

• The Inquisition played a significant role in religious work, rescuing old Mexican life and knowledge through historical and linguistic studies.

• This period saw a mix of cultures, with new activities introduced such as Ganavería, Gusano's Cross, exploitation of Minas de Plata, and Siembra de Trigo and Caña de Azúcar.

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Splendid architectural works and artistic manifestations during the years when frails concluded their projects.

Splendid Architectural Works

• During this period, splendid architectural works and artistic manifestations were concluded by frails.

• These works showcased rich expressions of cultural mix and became part of the Flavor of the Inquisition established in the New World.

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Religious work to rescue old Mexican life and knowledge.

Rescue of Old Mexican Life

• Christians established religious work to rescue old Mexican life and knowledge.

• Historical and linguistic studies were conducted, contributing valuable insights into Mexico's history.

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Introduction of new activities in American context.

Introduction of New Activities

• New activities were introduced in America, including Ganavería, Gusano's Cross, exploitation of Minas de Plata, Siembra de Trigo, and Caña de Azúcar.

• These activities brought about a mix of biological and cultural elements.

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Growth of New Spain in world circuits of interchange.

Growth of New Spain

• New Spain grew and became part of the world circuits of interchange.

• The Spanish crown completed its government system in Mexican lands around 1600.

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Cultural flower and profusion during this period.

Cultural Flower

• This period was characterized by a cultural flower, with fortunes dedicated to architecture, art, literature, and music.

• Various manifestations emerged, including poetic works comparable to those from the Spanish golden century.

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Diverse manifestations in the 17th century.

Diverse Manifestations

• From the second quarter of the 17th century, diverse manifestations emerged despite the dominant religion.

• Notable works included devils of the cross and significant contributions to scientific knowledge by Carlos, Desiguenza, and Gongora.

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Maturity of cultural elements with a new Spanish accent.

Maturity of Cultural Elements

• Cultural elements reached maturity with a distinct Spanish accent.

• Aspects such as cuisine, dress, language, popular music, dance reflected mestizaje's personality and oriental influences from Africa.

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Characteristic identity of New Spain manifested through religious cults.

Characteristic Identity

• The characteristic identity of New Spain was transparently manifested through various religious cults.

• Guadalupe's virgins played a significant role after expanding from their original sanctuary in 1648.

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Celebration and significance of Guadalupe in the Republic.

Celebration of Guadalupe

• The celebration and significance of Guadalupe continued throughout the Republic.

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New Spain's identity and its path towards independent Mexico.

New Spain's Identity

• By the mid-18th century, New Spain had developed its own identity beyond its colonial character.

• These efforts were led by a small elite group striving for an authentic national identity.

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Consolidated identities in regional feelings.

Regional Feelings

• Consolidated identities were primarily found in regional feelings.

• The individuality of different peoples formed the basic nucleus of social and cultural life.

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Influence of the crown on political panorama.

Crown's Influence

• The crown had a direct influence on the political panorama, evolving into a reaffirmation of power.

• This led to both integration and dispersion within the country.

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Spanish-born individuals gaining greater influence in administrative and economic sectors.

Spanish-born Influence

• Spanish-born individuals gradually ascended to obtain greater influence in administrative and economic sectors.

• Their increased involvement in government accounts contributed to their rising position.

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Mexican plaza shifting focus from Spain to other Spanish domains.

Shift in Focus

• By 1630, the Mexican plaza shifted its focus from Spain to other Spanish domains such as Filipinas, Santo Domingo, Florida, and Cuba.

• This allowed for greater freedom of action among the Spanish-born population.

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Economic growth and rise in local trade.

Economic Growth

• The economy of New Spain experienced growth due to colonial trade and rich agricultural production.

• Mining activities in Chihuahua, Alamos, Guanajuato, Real del Monte, and Tasco contributed to economic prosperity.

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Proliferation of seats and territorial business.

Proliferation of Seats

• Seats proliferated as a mix of territorial property and economic-based businesses.

• Indigenous people took on jobs previously held by tributaries.

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Countess of Morocco's influence on power dynamics.

Influence of Countess of Morocco

• The Countess of Morocco held significant power and influenced the defense of public offices.

• Her actions led to improvements in the position of her children within society.

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Strengthening colonial trade and discovery of new resources.

Strengthening Colonial Trade

• Colonial trade strengthened the economy of New Spain.

• The discovery of new resources in Guanajuato, Real del Monte, Tasco contributed to economic growth.

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The future of New Spain during the 18th century depended on the arrival of an heir from the house of Bourbon. Carlos III, the new king of Spain, implemented adjustments and modifications to replace the inefficient and corrupt colonial bureaucracy. However, these reforms included severe forms of taxation that damaged the economy and caused resentment among the population.

The Influence of Thomas de Jamaica by the English

• The arrival of Thomas de Jamaica threatened the influence and political power of Spain in New Spain.

• Other European powers were also committed to challenging Spanish dominance.

Carlos III's Reforms

• Inspired by industrialist ideas, King Carlos III implemented adjustments and modifications in New Spain.

• The aim was to replace the inefficient and corrupt colonial bureaucracy.

• Severe forms of taxes were introduced as part of these reforms.

Economic Damage and Resentment

• The new taxes deeply damaged the economy in New Spain.

• The population consisted mainly of indigenous peoples, with only a small number being from the Spanish peninsula.

• Resentment towards Bourbon rule grew among the population.

Composition and Configuration

• New Spain was composed of various ethnic groups, including mestizos, Jews, and mulattos.

• It remained a country with internal conflicts.

• The central mountain region in Mexico experienced growth in economy, communications, culture, and artistic manifestations.

Changes in Wealth Distribution

• During the 17th century, there was relative autonomy in wealth distribution within New Spain.

• However, reforms by the crown led to changes in policies that resulted in wealth being subtracted from Spanish lands.

Intolerance towards Creoles

• Half of the population showed clear intolerance towards the positions held by Creoles in New Spain.

• Recent dispositions did not consider the anguish and uncertainty experienced by the majority of the population.

Forced Inequality

• The new measures implemented by the crown forced further inequality in New Spain.