🔴 DAVID AUSUBEL | Teoría del APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVO | Resumen con ejemplos | Fácil

Why Do We Forget What We Learn?

The Problem of Memorization in Education

• Psychologists and educators in the 1960s and 70s questioned why students quickly forget what they memorize, noting that traditional Prussian education focused on exam preparation.

• The cognitive revolution, led by thinkers like Bruner, Piaget, and Vygotsky, prompted a shift towards understanding how learning occurs beyond rote memorization.

Introduction to Ausubel's Theory

• David Ausubel introduced the theory of meaningful learning as a response to behaviorism's dominance in education.

• His theory emphasizes that understanding concepts is rooted in deductive reasoning and prior knowledge.

Key Concepts of Meaningful Learning

• Ausubel asserts that new knowledge builds upon what students already know; effective learning starts with recognizing existing concepts.

• For example, teaching a child about forests requires prior knowledge of trees to understand the concept fully.

Reception vs. Discovery Learning

Preference for Reception Learning

• Ausubel favors reception learning over discovery learning, especially in classroom settings where information presentation is crucial.

• He stresses that teachers must present material clearly and logically using organizers and hierarchies rather than the disorganized format often found in textbooks.

Concept Maps as Educational Tools

• Alongside Joseph Novak, Ausubel developed concept maps to enhance information presentation by illustrating relationships between ideas and their hierarchies.

• These tools have evolved into mind maps and mnemonic devices that facilitate meaningful learning experiences.

Understanding Meaningful Learning

Definition of Meaningful Learning

• Meaningful learning occurs when students connect new information with relevant pre-existing knowledge, leading to better retention.

• This interaction allows new information to integrate more easily into long-term memory due to its emotional significance related to student interests.

Practical Example of Meaningful Learning

• An example provided involves teaching parabolic motion through the lens of playing Angry Birds, making physics relatable and engaging for students.

The Role of Teachers in Facilitating Learning

Essential Requirements for Effective Teaching

• For meaningful learning to take place, three key requirements must be met:

• Motivation: Understanding contextual variables influencing student engagement.

• Logical Significance: Ensuring clarity and organization in presented information.

• Psychological Significance: Aligning content with developmental stages and prior knowledge levels.

Understanding Subsumption in Learning

The Role of Cognitive Structure in Learning

• New information must be substantially related to prior knowledge for meaningful learning. This new material acts as a subsumer, anchoring it to existing cognitive structures.

• Dr. Ausubel identifies two types of subsumers: correlative subsumption (where new material extends known concepts) and derivative subsumption (where new relationships or knowledge emerge from existing structures).

• An example of correlative subsumption is understanding multiplication through addition; one cannot grasp multiplication without first knowing addition.

• Derivative subsumption allows for the creation of entirely new concepts, expanding or altering previous understandings based on newly acquired information.

Types of Learning: Meaningful vs. Rote

• In cases where learners encounter completely unfamiliar material, rote memorization occurs, which can help build a new cognitive structure for future meaningful learning.

• Both meaningful and rote learning are essential depending on the context; rote learning lacks prior connections, leading to arbitrary memorization.

Language's Importance in Learning

• Language plays a crucial role in Ausubel's theory as it facilitates interaction between students and teachers, impacting the effectiveness of meaningful learning experiences.

Types of Meaningful Learning

1. Learning by Representations

• This involves understanding symbols or words' meanings, forming the foundation for further learning processes.

2. Learning by Concepts

• This type abstracts common characteristics from categories (e.g., dogs have four legs), allowing generalizations across different instances.

3. Learning by Propositions

• It focuses on comprehending ideas expressed through groups of words and requires prior knowledge of each word's implicit meaning.

Practical Applications for Educators

• Teachers should introduce general ideas before progressively detailing them to enhance student comprehension.

Understanding Educational Procedures

Importance of Repeated Procedures in Learning

• The discussion emphasizes the necessity of repeating educational procedures as one progresses through increasingly difficult topics, highlighting a methodical approach to learning.

• Dr. Ausubel's contributions to psychology and education are acknowledged, showcasing his influence on teaching methodologies.

• The video encourages viewers to engage with additional content from the channel "engrama," promoting further exploration of psychological theories.

• Viewers are invited to leave comments for any questions they may have, fostering an interactive learning environment.