SIGLO XIX COMPLETO DE LA HISTORIA DE ESPAÑA | Recopilación EBAU 🇪🇸

Un Siglo de Cambios en España: El Siglo XIX

Introducción al Siglo XIX en España

• El siglo XIX en España se caracteriza por conflictos como guerras civiles y cambios políticos, reflejando una narrativa caótica similar a una serie de Netflix.

• Este periodo es crucial para entender debates y problemas actuales en la sociedad española, así como para preparar exámenes de historia.

Liberalismo y Cambio Social

• La crisis de la dinastía Borbón y la invasión napoleónica son fundamentales para el surgimiento del liberalismo en España.

• El liberalismo propone un cambio radical, donde el individuo se convierte en ciudadano con derechos políticos, rompiendo con el antiguo régimen.

• Se establece que la soberanía reside en la nación y no en la monarquía, promoviendo una separación de poderes: legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial.

Antecedentes de la Guerra de Independencia

• La Revolución Francesa (1789) genera temor entre las Cortes españolas, llevando a medidas drásticas contra ideas revolucionarias.

• La guerra contra Francia comienza con la declaración española tras el asesinato del rey Luis XVI; culmina con derrotas significativas como Trafalgar (1805).

Invasión Napoleónica y Consecuencias

• En 1807, se firma un tratado entre España y Francia que permite el acceso francés a Portugal; esto revela las verdaderas intenciones de Napoleón sobre España.

• La situación provoca el motín de Aranjuez (1808), donde Fernando VI asume el poder tras forzar la abdicación de Carlos IV.

Levantamiento del 2 de Mayo

• Las abdicaciones en Bayona llevan al levantamiento popular del 2 de mayo (1808), considerado el inicio formal de la guerra contra Francia.

Fases de la Guerra de Independencia

Primera Etapa: Conquista Francesa

• Comienza con fusilamientos masivos tras el levantamiento; Zaragoza destaca como centro resistente frente a los franceses.

Segunda Etapa: Ocupación Francesa

• Entre 1808 y 1811, los franceses dominan gran parte del territorio español mientras surgen guerrillas locales que luchan contra ellos.

Tercera Etapa: Contraofensiva Aliada

• Desde 1812 hasta 1814, las fuerzas aliadas logran victorias clave gracias al apoyo británico; Wellington derrota a los franceses en Arapiles (1812).

Consecuencias Finales

Impact of the Spanish War of Independence

Consequences of the War

• The war led to significant destruction in Spain, including the abandonment of lands and crops, destruction of industries, and loss of infrastructure. This resulted in a political and economic dependency on foreign powers and a substantial loss of territories in America that were previously under Spanish control.

Political Divisions During the War

• Three main political factions emerged during the war:

• Afrancesados: Supporters of José I's revolutionary measures.

• Liberals: Advocated for liberal reforms but opposed French presence, seeking to restore Fernando VI as king.

• Absolutists: Desired a return to absolute monarchy under Fernando VI, opposing any liberal advancements.

Emergence of Local Governance

• The abdications at Bayonne created a power vacuum; many Spaniards formed local governing bodies called juntas provinciales, which aimed to manage political life locally while asserting sovereignty over their territories. These juntas were characterized by:

• A revolutionary profile against French invaders.

• Legitimization through popular uprisings.

• Recognition only of Fernando VI as king.

Formation of Central Authority

• To unify efforts, a Junta Suprema Central was established in September 1808 to consolidate power from various juntas and convene constituent courts in 1809. This body later became known as the Council of Regency. It organized elections for representatives from cities with its seat located strategically away from French control.

Constitutional Developments

• The inaugural session of these courts took place on September 24, 1810, primarily attended by merchants and some absolutists. They aimed to legislate liberal laws dismantling old regime restrictions such as:

• Property rights for owners.

• Freedom for industry leading to guild abolishment.

The Constitution was approved on March 19, 1812 (St. Joseph's Day), marking Spain's first constitution influenced by Enlightenment ideals and the French Revolution. Key features included:

• National sovereignty residing with the people.

• Separation of powers and universal male suffrage.

• Establishment of constitutional monarchy while abolishing estate privileges.

Return to Absolutism

Restoration Attempts Post-War

• After Spain’s victory in the independence war, exiled Prince Fernando returned intending to reclaim his throne amidst conflicting desires between liberals wanting a parliamentary system based on the Constitution and absolutists wishing for an absolute monarchy without concessions to liberalism. He was referred to as "the desired one."

Shift Towards Absolutism

• Influenced by absolutist supporters like General Elio presenting the Manifiesto de los Persas, Fernando decided against liberal demands upon returning in 1814, reinstating absolutism which led to systematic persecution against liberals during what is known as the sexenio absolutista (1814–1820) marked by:

• Abolishment of Cádiz Constitution.

• Delegation of governance tasks away from himself amid crises affecting agriculture and finance due to colonial losses.

The Liberal Period in Spain: 1812-1840

The Constitution of 1812 and the Liberal Triennium

• The liberal system in Spain was initiated by King Fernando VI with the sanctioning of the Constitution of 1812, marking a significant political shift.

• Between 1820 and 1823, the "Liberal Triennium" emerged, characterized by a split among liberals into moderates (favoring shared sovereignty and limited suffrage) and progressives (advocating for total national sovereignty and expanded suffrage).

European Influence and Return to Absolutism

• Support from absolutist monarchies, particularly through the Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, France, Austria), culminated in military intervention in Spain in 1823 known as "the 100,000 sons of Saint Louis," which ended liberal governance.

• This period led to a decade of repression against liberals termed "the ominous decade," although some reforms were attempted without breaking from the old regime.

Political Turmoil Following Fernando VI's Death

• The death of Fernando VI sparked political conflict over succession, leading to civil wars known as the Carlist Wars due to disputes between supporters of his daughter Isabel and his brother Carlos.

• Isabel's minority necessitated a regency under her mother Maria Cristina from 1833 to 1840; despite being conservative, she relied on liberal factions for support against absolutists.

Reforms Under Maria Cristina's Regime

• A reformist government led by CEA Bermúdez introduced changes such as new provincial configurations designed by Javier de Burgos in 1833.

• In response to unrest during the Carlist War, Maria Cristina accepted a progressive government that facilitated drafting a new constitution in 1837 reflecting progressive ideals.

The Carlist Wars: Conflict and Resolution

• Initial uprisings began in Basque regions after Fernando VI’s death; early victories for Carlism occurred but were met with resistance from liberal forces.

Vergara Agreement and Its Aftermath

The Division of Carlist Forces

• The Vergara agreement in the summer of 1839 led to many rebels laying down their arms, with some reintegrating into the army or retiring with pensions.

• This acceptance split the Carlists into two factions: the "transaccionistas," who accepted the agreement, and the "apostólicos," staunch defenders of absolutism and Don Carlos.

Continued Conflict and Political Dynamics

• The Carlist issue resurfaced in 1847 and 1860 during the Second Carlist War, as well as between 1873 and 1875 in the Third Carlist War, primarily over succession to the Spanish throne.

• Espartero's victory allowed him greater political power; however, he faced opposition from moderates due to his controversial measures like electoral fraud.

Espartero's Regime Challenges

• His regency (1840-1843) ended after violent repression of urban protests in Barcelona, leading to his exile following a demonstration against him led by General Narváez.

• Isabel II's reign began amidst significant governmental instability, marked by over 50 different administrations within her 25-year rule.

Political Strategies and Legislative Changes

• Isabel II sought support from moderates while facing progressive uprisings. Narváez emerged as a key figure for moderates during this period.

• Key legislative actions included creating the Constitution of 1845, restoring provincial divisions from 1833, centralizing administration, establishing the Civil Guard (1844), and reforming fiscal policies.

Constitutional Developments

• The Constitution of 1845 reversed progressive gains from earlier constitutions by limiting national sovereignty and establishing shared sovereignty between king and courts.

• It introduced a bicameral system with limited rights for citizens; executive powers were diminished under this new framework.

Social Unrest and Political Shifts

• By the early 1850s, rising grain prices caused social discontent alongside political corruption among moderates.

• This unrest culminated in June 1854 with Odonel’s pronouncement demanding transparency in governance and electoral reforms.

Transition to Progressive Governance

• In response to demands for reform, Isabel II appointed Espartero and Odonel jointly, marking the beginning of a progressive biennium that enacted significant economic laws.

Political Turmoil in 19th Century Spain

The Fall of Espartero and Rise of Narváez

• The personalist government of Espartero was ultimately worn down, leading to his dismissal by the queen.

• A new government led by Narváez emerged between 1856 and 1858, while Odonel aimed to reform the recently reinstated Constitution of 1845.

Economic Prosperity and Political Strife (1858-1863)

• This period is marked by a long government from 1858 to 1863, characterized as a time of economic prosperity and international activity with pragmatic policies.

• However, the monarchy faced significant discrediting, culminating in specific events like the San Daniel protests in 1865 and Prim's attempted uprising in San Hil in 1866.

Opposition Movements and Revolution

• In response to political dissatisfaction, opposition parties convened at Ostende to sign an agreement aimed at dethroning Isabel II, which would occur in 1868.

• The Glorious Revolution on September 18, 1868, saw Admiral Topete alongside Generals Prim and Serrano lead a military pronouncement that spread across Spain.

Transition of Power

• This tumultuous period began with the Glorious Revolution that forced Queen Isabel II to abdicate and seek exile.

• It was also marked by severe economic and social issues exacerbated by conflicts such as the Cuban War and the Third Carlist War.

The Pact of Ostende

• The revolution had roots in the Ostende Pact signed in 1866 among Democrats and Progressives aiming to end Bourbon rule due to various problems attributed to the monarchy.

• Tensions escalated into a military uprising on September 18, led by Topete along with Generals Prim and Serrano.

Revolutionary Goals

• The uprising quickly spread throughout Andalusia where revolutionary councils formed alongside popular demonstrations advocating for democratic reforms.

• Key objectives included universal suffrage, freedom of press, right to association, abolition of conscription taxes, and elimination of consumption taxes.

Aftermath: Dual Power Structures

• Following their victory at Alcolea on September 28, this led to Queen Isabel's dethronement creating a power vacuum filled by two competing factions: those who led the Cádiz uprising versus revolutionary councils.

Formation of Provisional Government

• A provisional government emerged under Prim’s leadership but needed consensus with revolutionary councils for stability.

Constitutional Developments

• Debates arose over whether Spain should remain a monarchy or transition into a republic; elections held in June 1869 resulted in support for an anti-Bourbon coalition favoring constitutional monarchy.

Establishment of New Governance

• Prim was appointed head of this new government while Serrano served as regent until a new monarch could be chosen. Initial measures included expelling Jesuits and establishing financial reforms.

Creation of Democratic Constitution

Constitutional Monarchy and the First Spanish Republic

The Concept of National Sovereignty

• The idea of national sovereignty emphasizes that power resides with the people, who elect their monarchs.

• A universal male suffrage was established for men aged 25 and older, leading to a bicameral legislature consisting of Congress and Senate.

• The constitution included an extensive declaration of rights and implemented the separation of powers, ensuring an independent judiciary.

Establishing a New Monarchy

• Following the constitutional framework, discussions began to identify a new king for Spain, likened to a "casting" process for potential candidates.

• Fernando de Coburgo was considered due to his vision of Iberian Union (Spain and Portugal), but he was ultimately rejected.

• Amadeo de Saboya was chosen as king; he had liberal ideas and support from Prim but faced immediate challenges upon his ascension.

Challenges Faced by Amadeo I

• Amadeo's reign encountered discontent from republicans and resurgent Carlism, alongside crises stemming from poor harvests.

• Urban riots emerged due to food scarcity and conscription issues, exacerbated by the ongoing Cuban War (1868–1878).

Political Turmoil Leading to Abdication

• In October 1870, Amadeo I was elected as monarch but lost crucial support after Prim's assassination in December.

• His foreign status alienated him from both the aristocracy and clergy; additionally, his anticlerical stance further fueled opposition.

Transition to the First Spanish Republic

• Amidst increasing isolation and internal divisions within the Progressive Party post-assassination of Prim, Amadeo abdicated in February 1873.

• Following his abdication, Congress proclaimed the First Spanish Republic with Stanislao Figueras as its first president.

Structure of the First Republic

• The republican government adopted a federal structure granting significant autonomy to regions but faced strong monarchical opposition.

• Elections for Constituent Cortes were held in May 1873 amid high abstention rates (60%), resulting in a victory for federal republicans led by PI Maragal.

Drafting of the Constitution

• Although not ratified due to political instability, efforts were made towards drafting a Constitution that embodied federal republican ideals.

• Proposed features included regional autonomy with individual state constitutions under a central framework while establishing civil marriage laws.

Spanish First Republic and Its Challenges

Authoritarian Shift and the Cantonal Movement

• The government took a conservative turn, reinforcing the army and Civil Guard to suppress public order issues. Castellar was appointed president in September, leading an authoritarian regime until General Pavía's coup on January 3, 1874, aimed at ending the Republic.

• The Cantonal movement emerged as a significant insurgent effort across various Spanish cities, striving for a Federal Republic from grassroots levels rather than through political power.

• Local autonomous powers called "cantones" were established through uprisings against the central authority of the Republic. These rebellions were led by local intellectuals and included participation from workers and artisans.

• The Cantonal movement was notably impactful in places like Alcoy and San Lucar but was most significant in Cartagena, where it received support from the Navy before being harshly suppressed by Salmerón's republican government.

• The cantonal uprising was ultimately quelled during the summer of 1873 when the First Republic faced severe challenges. Following Pavía's coup in 1874, a provisional presidentialist government known as the Republic of '74 was established.

Political Debates and Restoration

• Influential politicians like Canovas del Castillo argued for restoring monarchy under Alfonso XII as a solution for Spain’s future governance amidst ongoing debates about political systems.

• Canovas drafted the Sinturst manifesto to negotiate with Prince Alfonso for establishing a stable constitutional monarchy; however, General Martínez Campos preempted this by executing a military pronouncement favoring Alfonso.

• Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on December 30, 1874, marking the beginning of a new historical period in Spain known as "La Restauración."

Demographic Changes and Social Structure

• Throughout the 19th century, Spain's population grew from 10 to 20 million at a slower pace compared to other Western European industrialized nations.

• Traditional social estates transitioned into class divisions typical of capitalist societies; nobility lost some privileges but gained economic power through disappropriation processes.

• The Church also experienced reduced economic influence due to disappropriations that diminished its societal role among emerging proletarian classes and intellectual sectors.

Class Dynamics in 19th Century Spain

• By mid-century, there was a shift towards more conservative political stances among bourgeoisie groups who sought social parity with traditional aristocracy while earlier movements aimed at dismantling old privileges.

• High bourgeoisie consisted of industrialists and financial elites seeking social elevation akin to nobility; middle classes included professionals such as lawyers and doctors who occupied urban leadership roles.

• A small bourgeoisie comprised shopkeepers and artisans thrived within towns but faced challenges due to limited mechanization; meanwhile, popular classes primarily consisted of impoverished peasants or industrial workers facing dire living conditions.

Labor Movements Emergence

• Industrial workers surged significantly post-mid-century due to rural exodus seeking better livelihoods; many were former peasants or artisans migrating towards urban centers for improved wages.

Economic Changes in 19th Century Spain

The Role of Women and Economic Shifts

• Women predominantly worked within noble or bourgeois families, highlighting their limited roles during economic changes in the 19th century.

• Economic transformations were largely influenced by desamortizaciones (disentailment), a process stemming from broader European economic shifts initiated in Britain during the mid-17th century.

Industrialization and Liberalism

• The transition from agrarian to industrial economies marked significant changes in production methods, property types, and social organization.

• Spain's economic development was slow; three key phases emerged: stagnation (1800-1830), industrial growth (1830-1875), and further industrial expansion (1875-1914).

Agricultural Challenges

• The Spanish War of Independence disrupted economic growth, leading to a decline in colonial territories.

• The agricultural sector faced multiple crises due to outdated land ownership systems dominated by unproductive nobility and the Church.

Land Ownership Issues

• High rates of landless peasants hindered economic flow; land ownership remained concentrated among non-investing elites.

• Liberal governments recognized the need for agrarian reform to shift land from feudal lords to private capitalist ownership.

Desamortizaciones Explained

• Desamortizaciones aimed at dissolving feudal land ownership through forced expropriation, transitioning lands into private hands via public auctions.

• Initial attempts at desamortización began as early as 1836 with Mendizábal’s ecclesiastical disestablishment aimed at financing wars and reducing state debt.

Implementation of Reforms

• The 1836 ecclesiastical disestablishment targeted church properties, aiming to create a liberal base among citizens supportive of reforms.

• Nationalization processes involved expropriating church assets followed by subdivision for auction; payments could be made in cash or government bonds.

Continued Efforts and Opposition

• By 1851, after initial resistance, the Church acknowledged these reforms through a concordat.

Desamortización en España: Consecuencias y Contexto

Impacto de las Desamortizaciones

• La desamortización, liderada por Mendizábal, afectó a órdenes militares, cofradías e instituciones benéficas. El pago se realizó mayormente en metálico, aunque hubo excepciones con deuda pública.

• Esta desamortización estuvo vigente hasta 1926 y resultó en un volumen de bienes desamortizados superior al anterior proceso de Mendizábal.

• Se transformó la propiedad amortizada del antiguo régimen en propiedad privada, lo que impulsó el desarrollo agrícola al aumentar la superficie cultivada y la productividad.

• Sin embargo, la tierra continuó concentrándose en pocas manos; las desamortizaciones no lograron una redistribución efectiva ni resolvieron el problema de la deuda pública.

Consecuencias Sociales y Políticas

• Los principales beneficiados fueron la nobleza y burguesía. La nobleza mantuvo e incrementó sus propiedades sin aplicar técnicas capitalistas, aumentando así los latifundios.

• Los grupos más perjudicados incluyeron a la Iglesia, que perdió patrimonio pero fue compensada por el Estado, y al campesinado que enfrentó peores condiciones económicas tras desaparecer los bienes comunales.

Contexto Político Posterior

• En 1874, tras la Primera República Española, se proclamó a Alfonso XI como rey. Esto marcó el inicio del periodo conocido como restauración borbónica.

• Antonio Cánovas del Castillo diseñó un nuevo régimen político para superar los problemas de inestabilidad política previos a su llegada al poder.

• Las primeras medidas incluyeron acabar con las guerras carlistas y llegar a acuerdos con independentistas cubanos mediante la paz de Zanjón (1878).

Reformas Institucionales

• Se implementaron medidas políticas como mayor apoyo a la Iglesia y prohibición de periódicos opositores. También se renovaron cargos en diputaciones y ayuntamientos.

• A pesar de estas reformas iniciales, Cánovas buscaba establecer una nueva Constitución que garantizara estabilidad política; esto llevó a la creación de la Constitución de 1876.

Características de la Constitución de 1876

• La nueva Constitución estableció soberanía compartida entre el rey y las cortes. Introdujo sufragio universal masculino desde 1890.

• Era un sistema bicameral donde el Congreso era elegido por sufragio mientras que dos tercios del Senado eran designados por el rey o tenían derecho propio.

• Definió a España como un estado confesional católico permitiendo otros cultos privados; además estableció derechos básicos como libertad de expresión e imprenta.

Restoration in Spain: Corruption and Opposition

The Nature of the Restoration System

• The urban industrial bourgeoisie aligned with progressive forces during Isabel II's era, contributing to a corrupt electoral system where outcomes were predetermined.

• Caciquismo was prevalent, where landowners coerced rural workers into voting for specific parties, undermining electoral integrity.

• Electoral fraud practices like "pucherazo" involved manipulating votes, such as discarding legitimate ballots or adding those of deceased individuals, challenging the notion of democracy under the Restoration.

Political Landscape Post-Alfonso XI

• Following King Alfonso XI's unexpected death in 1885, his infant son became king, leading to Maria Cristina assuming regency amidst societal opposition to the Restoration regime.

• Carlism emerged as a significant opposition force on the conservative right; despite military defeats, they continued conspiratorial activities from France aiming for a traditionalist regime.

Republicanism and Social Movements

• Republican factions included historical republicans advocating for conservative democracy and federalists seeking harmony between capital and labor interests.

• Radical republicans aimed for systemic change through subversive actions; meanwhile, socialist movements began organizing around worker associations in 1874.

Emergence of Socialism

• The PSOE was founded in 1879 by Pablo Iglesias with Marxist principles advocating for political participation of the working class and collective ownership.

• Key tenets included class struggle theory and immediate demands like freedom of association and universal suffrage. The PSOE also established UGT (General Union of Workers), still active today.

Anarchism and Regional Nationalisms

• Anarchism gained traction primarily in regions like Catalonia and Andalusia; it opposed state authority regardless of governance style.

Catalan and Basque Nationalism in Spain

Emergence of Catalan Political Movements

• The political movement known as catalanismo emerged, uniting individuals from various intellectual fields around the Catalan language. This led to the development of two main trends: federalism, which views Catalonia as a republic within Spain, and foralism, advocating for the recovery of historical rights.

• Federalist ideas prevailed with Valentí Almiral becoming a key figure in modern Catalan nationalism. He aimed to regenerate and promote autonomy while opposing Spanish centralism by founding the Centre Catalá in 1882.

• In response to these movements, conservative bourgeoisie established the Liga de Cataluña in 1887. Later, Praz de la Rivá attempted to unify both major groups by creating the Unión Catalanista.

• The foundational principles of Manresa would later structure subsequent Catalan nationalism.

Rise of Basque Nationalism

• Concurrently, Basque nationalism arose during Spain's Restoration period, with Sabino Arana recognized as its principal advocate. His focus was on defending traditional rights (fueros) and striving for Basque sovereignty and independence.

• Arana founded the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) in 1895 aiming to restore traditional legal order under his motto "God and Old Law."

Challenges Faced by Spain Post-Cuban War

Tensions in Cuba

• Following the peace treaty of Zanjón in 1878, Spanish governments had opportunities to implement reforms favored by Cuban autonomists but continued legislating without adequate representation for Cubans.

• Despite some reforms like abolishing slavery and granting limited representation, proposals for greater autonomy were rejected by conservative factions within Spanish Cortes leading to increased tensions over trade restrictions imposed on Cuba.

Cuban Independence Movement

• In 1892, José Martí established the Partido Revolucionario Cubano which became pivotal during Cuba's independence uprising that began in February 1895.

• The Spanish government responded militarily under General Martínez Campos but faced challenges due to lack of military success leading to his replacement with General Valeriano Weyler who adopted more aggressive tactics against insurgents.

U.S. Intervention

• After Canovas' assassination in August 1897, Sagasta’s government sought reconciliation strategies including granting autonomy to Cuba and Puerto Rico amidst ongoing insurrections.

• The situation escalated when the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of USS Maine in Havana harbor. This intervention resulted in rapid military action against Spain leading to defeat.

Consequences of Defeat

Treaty of Paris

• The Treaty of Paris signed in December 1898 marked Spain's relinquishment not only of Cuba but also Puerto Rico and Philippines—its last colonies—transitioning them into American influence.

Impact on Spanish Society

• The defeat left Spanish society disillusioned about its imperial past at a time when other European powers were expanding their empires globally. It symbolized a significant decline for Spain internationally despite having limited economic repercussions domestically.

Regeneration Movements

• Following this crisis, regenerationist movements emerged advocating modernization within Spanish politics supported mainly by middle-class citizens influenced by thinkers like Joaquín Costa who emphasized moving beyond glorified historical narratives towards contemporary economic reform.

Political Changes Post-War

Government Reforms

• Francisco Silvela’s conservative government took over after Sagasta post-war introducing necessary reforms addressing economic issues stemming from war debts despite facing resistance from sectors like Catalonian bourgeoisie regarding fiscal policies.

Shift Back to Progressives

Spain in the 19th Century

Conclusion of the Video

• The video concludes with a reflection on the coming of age of Spain, marking the beginning of its reign in the 19th century.

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