Modern History of Bihar (Lec#3) l Formation of Bihar l Revolutionary Nationalism in Bihar

Introduction to Modern History and the Swadeshi Movement

Overview of Topics

• The session begins with an introduction to the significance of modern history, particularly focusing on the Swadeshi Movement in Bihar. It highlights that questions from this area frequently appear in BPSC exams.

• Key areas of discussion include how revolutionary nationalism entered Bihar and the formation of Bihar itself, emphasizing their importance in historical context.

Understanding the Swadeshi Movement

• The Swadeshi Movement is introduced as a response to British policies, specifically aimed at countering the "divide and rule" strategy employed by colonial powers. This movement is characterized as an anti-partition initiative.

• The movement was initiated by prominent leaders who were motivated by the division of Bengal, which served as a focal point for nationalistic sentiments across India. Bengal's division was framed by British authorities as administrative necessity but was actually intended to sow discord between Hindus and Muslims.

The Evolution of the Anti-Partition Movement

Transition from Anti-Partition to Boycott

• Initially starting as an anti-partition movement, it evolved into a broader Swadeshi Movement when demands from moderate leaders were ignored by British authorities. This led to calls for boycotting foreign goods and promoting indigenous products instead.

• As British oppression intensified, particularly against freedom fighters, this movement transitioned further into a boycott campaign against British goods and institutions, marking its evolution through three distinct phases: anti-partition, Swadeshi promotion, and eventual boycott actions.

Historical Context of Bengal Partition

• The partition of Bengal was officially announced on July 19, 1905, but implemented later on October 16 of that year; this timing is crucial for understanding its impact on nationalist movements in Bihar and beyond.

Key Figures and Events in Bihar's Nationalist Movements

Role of Leaders

• Notable figures such as Lord Curzon (the Viceroy) played significant roles during this period alongside Herbert Kitchener (Secretary of State), influencing both local sentiments and international perceptions regarding Indian affairs during colonial rule. Their decisions had lasting impacts on movements like Swadeshi in Bihar.

Celebrating Resistance: Raksha Bandhan Day

• Rabindranath Tagore’s initiative to celebrate Raksha Bandhan Day coinciding with the partition date symbolizes unity among Hindus and Muslims against divisive policies; it reflects cultural resistance against colonial strategies aimed at creating rifts within society. This event took place notably in Darbhanga, which became a center for nationalist activities due to its proximity to Bengal.

Institutional Developments Supporting Nationalism

Establishment of Institutions

• In 1902, Satish Chandra Chakravarty emerged as a key figure leading efforts in Bihar related to the Swadeshi Movement; he oversaw various institutional developments that supported nationalist causes throughout this period.

• Significant institutions began forming around 1904–1905 including those focused on education and economic self-sufficiency which were pivotal for fostering national consciousness among locals amidst growing discontent with British rule. One notable establishment was created in Deoghar around 1994 that contributed significantly towards these goals before independence efforts gained momentum post-Bengal partition events.

This structured approach provides clarity about key discussions surrounding modern history's impact on India's independence movements while highlighting specific regional contributions from Bihar within larger national narratives.

History of Indian Nationalism and Key Events

Surendranath Banerjee and the Indian National Association

• Surendranath Banerjee, a prominent figure during the Swadeshi Movement, faced discrimination from the British after qualifying for the IAS exam. His efforts were aimed at promoting indigenous products.

• He was a founder of the Indian National Association, which played a significant role in India's struggle for independence.

The Surat Split of 1907

• The split between Moderates and Extremists within the Indian National Congress occurred during the Surat session in 1907, marking a pivotal moment in nationalist politics.

• Ras Bihari Ghosh presided over this session, where both factions decided to pursue different paths towards achieving independence.

Ideological Differences: Moderates vs. Extremists

• The Moderates advocated for peaceful means to achieve freedom, while Extremists called for more aggressive actions against British rule.

• Anushilan Samiti emerged as an important revolutionary group that implemented extremist ideologies through direct action.

Government of India Act 1919 and Political Dynamics

• The British government attempted to placate both factions by introducing reforms through the Government of India Act 1919, which included provisions for elections but maintained control over key areas.

• This act was seen as a "lollipop" offered to Indians while still suppressing their aspirations for complete autonomy.

Muzaffarpur Bomb Case: A Revolutionary Incident

• The Muzaffarpur bomb case involved revolutionaries Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempting to assassinate a British judge known for his biased judgments against Indians.

• Their plan went awry when they mistakenly killed an innocent bystander instead of their intended target.

Consequences and Legacy of the Muzaffarpur Incident

• Following their failed assassination attempt, Khudiram Bose was executed on August 11, 1908. Prafulla Chaki committed suicide out of despair.

• This incident highlighted the growing discontent among young revolutionaries and marked a significant chapter in India's fight against colonial rule.

History of Bihar's Formation and Key Figures

Revolutionary Leaders in Bihar

• The discussion begins with the mention of a significant revolutionary leader, Sakharam Ganesh, known for his contributions to the Anushilan Samiti in Deoghar. His influence is highlighted through his leadership and notable works.

• Another prominent figure, Sachindranath Sanyal, is introduced as a key extremist leader who founded the Anushilan Samiti in Patna in 1913. He played a crucial role in mobilizing students, including Bankim Chandra Mitra from BN College.

Formation of Bihar

• The formation of Bihar is emphasized as an important historical event, particularly focusing on the contributions of Sachitanand Sinha, who is recognized for his pivotal role in establishing educational institutions and advocating for Bihar's separation from Bengal.

• Sachitanand Sinha is referred to as the "creator of modern Bihar," with emphasis on his legal education from London and subsequent efforts to develop Bihar independently from Bengal.

Media Influence on Statehood

• The establishment of the Bihar Times magazine by Sachitanand Sinha and associates marks a significant moment in advocating for a separate state. This publication raised awareness about the demand for an independent Bihar.

• Notable figures like Mahesh Narayan, who served as editor, contributed significantly to journalism during this period. His long tenure at Bihar Times helped shape public opinion regarding statehood.

Key Events Leading to Statehood

• The slogan promoting separate statehood was popularized by Mahesh Narayan, indicating grassroots support for the movement that culminated in formal demands for an independent Bihar.

• In 1906, another critical event occurred when discussions around separating Bihar from Bengal intensified due to growing dissatisfaction among local leaders regarding governance issues.

Final Steps Towards Separation

• A major conference held in Patna brought together influential leaders like Rajendra Prasad and Sachitanand Sinha, further solidifying support for the demand for a separate state.

• On March 22, 1912, it was officially declared that Bihar would be separated from Bengal, marking a historic milestone. This decision was preceded by notifications issued on December 12, 1911.

Subsequent Developments

• Following its formation, Odisha separated from Bihar on April 1, 1936. Later developments included Jharkhand becoming its own state on November 15, 2000.

• The timeline highlights that while initial discussions began earlier (in December 1911), it wasn't until March 22, 1912 that official recognition was granted to Bihar as an independent entity within India.