1.7 History of Computer Networking, and Chapter 1 (Introduction to Networking) wrap-up.

History of Computer Networking

This section provides an overview of the history of computer networking, highlighting the foundations and research that date back several decades.

Early Days of Networking

• In 1879, the first switch was installed in the Paris central office for the telephone network.

• A semaphore signaling network, used to relay encrypted messages, existed even before that.

• The Arts and Metier Museum in Paris showcases these historical networking artifacts.

Development of Packet Switching

• In 1961, researchers started exploring packet switching as a way to connect computers.

• Len Kleinrock's paper on packet switching demonstrated its effectiveness for handling bursty traffic using queuing theory.

• Paul Barron at RAND Institute and researchers at the National Physical Laboratory in England were also independently working on packet switching.

Birth of ARPANET

• In 1967, ARPA published a plan for ARPA Network (ARPANET), which became the world's first packet-switched computer network.

• In 1972, the Network Control Protocol (NCP) was completed as the first host-to-host protocol for ARPANET.

• Ray Tomlinson developed the first email program during this time.

Expansion and Interconnection

• By the early to mid-1970s, standalone packet-switched networks like Alohanet, DARPA's packet satellite network, and CLODS were emerging alongside ARPANET.

• In 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published a paper outlining internetting principles for interconnecting networks. These principles still define today's internet architecture.

Standardization and Growth

• Ethernet was invented by Bob Metcalfe in his PhD thesis in 1976.

• The 1980s saw standardization efforts for protocols like TCP/IP and SMTP (email).

• The domain name system (DNS) was developed in 1983 to map human-readable names to IP addresses.

• New networks like BITNET and CSNET were created to link universities.

Conclusion

The transcript concludes by summarizing the standardization efforts, growth of networks, and the development of key protocols that form the foundation of today's internet architecture.

Standardization and Protocols

• TCP/IP and SMTP were standardized in the early 1980s.

• DNS was developed in 1983 for mapping domain names to IP addresses.

Network Growth

• The late 1980s witnessed the creation of new computer networks like BITNET and CSNET.

• ARPANET had expanded to include 200 nodes.

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the history of computer networking, from the early days of packet switching to the standardization efforts that shaped today's internet.

The Evolution of the Internet

This section discusses the evolution of the internet from its early days to the present.

Early 1990s: Commercialization and Birth of the World Wide Web

• Arpanet, the precursor to the internet, was decommissioned in 1991.

• NSFnet lifted restrictions on commercial use in 1991, leading to the first email advertisements.

• NSFnet was decommissioned in 1995, paving the way for new internet service providers (ISPs).

• The World Wide Web was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s.

• HTML and HTTP were developed as key components for writing web documents and accessing them through web servers and browsers.

Late 1990s: Growth of Internet Usage

• The use of the web exploded in the late 1990s, with approximately 50 million hosts on the internet.

• Network security became a critical issue during this period.

• Backbone speeds increased significantly from a few megabits per second to gigabits per second.

From 2000 to Present: Advancements in Networking

• Aggressive deployment of broadband into homes with speeds ranging from tens to hundreds of megabits per second.

• Introduction of software-defined networking (SDN) in 2008.

• Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access such as Wi-Fi, 4G, and soon-to-be 5G networks.

• Service providers like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft creating their own global backbone networks for faster access to content.

• Enterprises running services in the cloud through platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure.

• Rise of smartphones and increased emphasis on mobility since 2017.

Conclusion

This section concludes the overview of computer networking and summarizes the topics covered.

• The broad overview covered various aspects of computer networking, including the internet, protocols, network edge, access networks, core techniques (packet switching and circuit switching), layered architecture, network performance, security, and a brief history.

• The goal was to provide a big picture view and introduce key concepts that will be explored in more detail in upcoming chapters.

• There is still much more to learn and dive into in subsequent classes.

End

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