Sistema Esquelético 2/5: Esqueleto Axial e Apendicular. Classificação dos Ossos

Introduction to the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Overview of the Skeletal System

• The lesson focuses on the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as bone classifications.

• This lecture is part of a series on the skeletal system; prior knowledge from an introductory class is recommended.

Structure of the Axial Skeleton

• The axial skeleton includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum.

• The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs:

• Seven pairs are "true ribs" with direct cartilage connections to the sternum.

• Three pairs are "false ribs," connecting indirectly through cartilage.

• Two pairs are "floating ribs," which do not connect to the sternum at all.

Vertebral Column Details

• The vertebral column comprises 26 bones:

• Seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7).

• Twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).

• Five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5).

• Following L5, there is a triangular sacrum and a smaller coccyx.

Understanding the Appendicular Skeleton

Components of the Appendicular Skeleton

• The appendicular skeleton includes bones from upper and lower limbs along with their girdles connecting them to the axial skeleton.

• Upper limb components include:

• Scapula and clavicle (girdle).

• Humerus in the arm, radius and ulna in forearm, carpal bones in wrist, metacarpals in hand, and phalanges in fingers.

Lower Limb Structure

• Lower limb components consist of:

• Pelvic girdle made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis.

• Femur in thigh; tibia and fibula in leg; patella at knee joint; tarsal bones in foot; metatarsals; phalanges.

Classification of Bones

Types Based on Shape

• Bones can be classified by shape into several categories:

• Long Bones: Length exceeds width (e.g., femur). Ends called epiphyses; shaft known as diaphysis. Growth occurs at growth plates during childhood.

• Short Bones: Dimensions similar across length, width, thickness (e.g., carpal bones).

• Flat Bones: Width and length are similar but thinner than other types (e.g., scapula).

• Irregular Bones: Do not fit into other categories due to unique shapes (e.g., vertebrae).

• Sesamoid Bones: Rounded bones embedded within tendons (e.g., patella).

Estrutura do Esqueleto Humano

Divisão do Esqueleto

• O esqueleto humano é dividido em duas partes principais: o esqueleto axial e o apendicular.

• O esqueleto axial inclui os ossos do crânio, 12 pares de costelas (7 verdadeiras, 3 falsas e 2 flutuantes), o osso esterno e a coluna vertebral composta por sete vértebras cervicais, 12 torácicas e cinco lombares.

Componentes do Esqueleto Apendicular

• O esqueleto apendicular é formado pelos ossos dos membros superiores e inferiores, incluindo a escápula e a clavícula como símbolos dos membros superiores.

• Os membros superiores são compostos pelo úmero no braço, rádio e ulna no antebraço, além dos ossos do carpo, metacarpos e falanges na mão.

Ossos dos Membros Inferiores

• No membro inferior, os ossos que compõem o quadril incluem íleo, isquio e púbis; enquanto na coxa está o fêmur.

• Na perna encontramos a tíbia e a fíbula; no joelho está a patela; nos pés estão os ossos do tarso, metatarsos e falanges.

Classificação dos Ossos