04. Evolución de las formas de Estado. Parte 2. (Historia de los Derechos Humanos)

Welcome and Introduction

The episode delves into the historical evolution of Human Rights, focusing on the development of the social and democratic rule of law from the French Revolution.

Evolution of Rights during the French Revolution

• The concept of rights emerged from the French Revolution, emphasizing individual protection against state abuse through fundamental negative rights like freedom, equality, dignity, and security.

• These rights include freedom, equality, dignity, life, personal security, prohibition of torture and slavery, legal personality, habeas corpus (from Magna Carta), justice, defense, due process, privacy, nationality, marriage, family property rights.

• The formulation includes separation of powers to prevent abuses among branches. The state is viewed as an agreement among free citizens leading to a democratic state.

Challenges Post-Napoleon Era

Following Napoleon's defeat came a period known as "the restoration," reverting to monarchy post-French Revolution. This led to struggles for establishing and upholding these newfound rights.

Post-Napoleon Challenges

• After Napoleon's defeat in France came "the restoration," reinstating monarchy. This shift marked struggles for maintaining established rights amidst societal changes.

• The revolution replaced aristocracy with bourgeoisie class. Revolutions in the 19th century aimed at instituting democratic states faced setbacks post-Napoleon era.

Revolutionary Movements in 19th Century

The 19th century witnessed revolutionary movements across nations striving to establish democratic states based on individual freedoms and institutional checks.

Revolutionary Movements

• Nationalistic fervor fueled movements for democratic states globally. Italy under Giuseppe Garibaldi and Prussian influence led to national state formations.

Liberalism and Totalitarianism

The section discusses the shift from liberalism to totalitarianism during the crisis of 1930, leading to the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany.

Liberalism Crisis

• The crisis of 1930 challenged the liberal ideology of laissez-faire economics.

• Economic instability led to desperation, unemployment, and inflation, paving the way for totalitarian tendencies.

Rise of Totalitarianism

• Hitler rose to power democratically but established a totalitarian regime in Germany.

• He revoked the Treaty of Versailles, implemented a single-party system, and disregarded constitutional rights.

Legal Manipulation

• Hitler exploited legal loopholes by institutionalizing states of emergency to enforce authoritarian measures.

• He manipulated obedience to his laws over constitutional rights, leading to total control over society.

Fascism and Nazism

This part delves into fascism and Nazism's ideologies that led to World War II and their impact on European civilization.

Fascist Ideology

• Fascism viewed the state as supreme with authority over individual liberties.

• Mussolini's fascism in Italy and Hitler's Nazism in Germany suppressed individual rights for nationalistic goals.

Totalitarian Expansion

• Fascist regimes expanded aggressively through military might, suppressing freedoms across Europe.

• The invasion of countries disregarded constitutions and self-determination rights, culminating in World War II.

Aftermath of WWII

• WWII resulted in massive casualties, destruction, including the Holocaust.

Desarrollo de los Estados Benefactores

This section discusses the challenges faced during World War II and the emergence of welfare states post-war.

Impact of World War II

• Citizens endured great sacrifices during German bombings, leading to a post-war period filled with loneliness and torment.

• Nations like England and France, known for their values, struggled under Nazi occupation, impacting their ideologies.

• The English population made significant sacrifices during the war, listening to Churchill's speeches for motivation.

• Nostalgic songs played on radios during dark times in Western civilization in the 1940s.

Creación del Estado Social de Derecho

This part delves into the establishment of the welfare state concept after WWII.

Post-War Challenges

• Citizens faced hardships during constant bombings, rationing food, and uncertainty about survival.

• Despite immense sacrifices, England emerged victorious in WWII but faced challenges post-war.

• A report highlighted dire living conditions post-war, emphasizing the need to compensate citizens for their sacrifices.

• The idea of a social welfare state emerged to ensure individual rights and socio-economic conditions are guaranteed.

Universalidad de los Derechos Humanos

Discusses the rise of welfare states globally and the importance of human rights protection.

Emergence of Welfare States

• The focus shifted towards creating states that guarantee individual integrity and socio-economic development.

• Welfare states arose from reflections on post-WWII devastation, aiming to protect citizens' well-being comprehensively.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the process of developing social states and expresses gratitude for the support received.

Development of Social States

• The speaker talks about reaching the idea, formation, and realization of social states.