✅ SEGUNDA SEMANA | EMBRIOLOGÍA 📚 DESARROLLO EMBRIONARIO | EMBARAZO | DISCO BILAMINAR
Implantation and Development of the Blastocyst
Overview of the Second Week of Gestation
- The second week of gestation involves significant morphological changes in the embryoblast, leading to the formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc.
- The blastocyst begins to invaginate into the maternal endometrium, with erosion facilitated by syncytiotrophoblast, allowing deeper implantation.
Differentiation of Trophoblast Layers
- By day eight, the trophoblast differentiates into two layers: cytotrophoblast (inner mononuclear layer) and syncytiotrophoblast (outer multinucleated layer).
- The embryoblast also differentiates into hypoblast (cuboidal cells) and epiblast (cylindrical cells), forming the bilaminar germinative disc; amniotic cavity develops from epiblast.
Implantation Progression
- On day nine, as implantation deepens, a fibrin clot forms at the surface due to immersion in epithelial tissue; vacuoles in syncytiotrophoblast merge to create trophoblastic lagoons.
- By days 11 and 12, complete immersion occurs in endometrial stroma with an intercommunicating network formed by trophoblastic lacunae.
Maternal Blood Flow and Extraembryonic Structures
- Syncytium cells penetrate deeper into stroma, eroding endothelial linings of maternal capillaries; this leads to maternal blood entering lagoon systems and establishing uteroplacental circulation.
- A new population of loose connective tissue called extra-embryonic mesoderm appears between cytotrophoblast and exocoelomic cavity.
Formation of Cavities and Membranes
- Cavities develop within extra-embryonic mesoderm merging into one large space known as chorionic cavity that surrounds yolk sac and amniotic cavity.
- The extraembryonic mesoderm divides into somatic mesoderm covering cytotrophoblast/amnion and splanchnic mesoderm covering yolk sac; decidual reaction occurs in maternal endometrium.
Changes Around Day 13
- By day 13, superficial epithelium scar disappears but may experience hemorrhage due to increased blood flow around implantation site.
Development of the Umbilical Cord and Germ Layers
Formation of the Umbilical Cord
- The fixation pedicle is crucial in the development of blood vessels, which ultimately forms the umbilical cord.
Structure of the Bilaminar Germinative Disc
- The bilaminar germinative disc consists of two layers: epiblast and hypoblast.
Components of the Epiblast
- Within the epiblast, amnioblasts are present, contributing to embryonic development.
Features of the Hypoblast
- In the hypoblast, some cells differentiate into cylindrical shapes, leading to a thickened area known as the prechordal plate.
Significance of Prechordal Plate