America on the WORLD STAGE [APUSH Review Unit 4 Topic 4] Period 4—1800-1848

How Did U.S. Foreign Policy Expand in the 19th Century?

The Context of American Expansionism

• The video introduces the topic of U.S. government efforts to gain territory and influence in the Western Hemisphere, emphasizing the importance of understanding how American foreign policy evolved over time.

Post-War Territorial Negotiations

• Following the War of 1812, President James Monroe aimed to clarify territorial claims with Britain, particularly regarding Canada.

• John Quincy Adams negotiated a treaty that established the U.S.-Canada border along the 49th parallel and set up a joint occupation of Oregon Territory for ten years.

Issues in Florida and Military Actions

• At this time, Florida was under Spanish control but poorly governed due to Spain's focus on South American rebellions.

• Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to Florida in 1817 to protect U.S. borders from raids by Seminole Indians and runaway slaves, instructing him not to engage directly with Spanish forces.

• Jackson attacked two Spanish forts and executed several individuals, leading Spain and Britain to avoid war despite their anger over his actions.

The Adams-Onis Treaty

• In response to increasing tensions, Spain decided to sell Florida to the U.S., formalized through the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 which also defined western borders between U.S. territory and Spanish holdings.

The Monroe Doctrine

• By 1822, several Latin American countries gained independence from European powers; President Monroe recognized these nations' independence.

• In 1823, Monroe articulated the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that European powers should not interfere in affairs within the Western Hemisphere as it was considered America's sphere of influence.

Economic Motivations Behind Expansion

• Trade played a significant role in expansionist policies; by the late 1820s, Americans developed strong trade relations with Mexico and sought new markets for goods.