War of Cisplatina: Historical Context and Causes

In this section, the speaker introduces the topic of the War of Cisplatina that took place during the first reign of Brazil. The conflict involved the Empire of Brazil under Emperor Dom Pedro I against the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, now known as Argentina.

Background of the War

• The war occurred between the Empire of Brazil, ruled by Emperor Dom Pedro I, and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata (Argentina). The conflict arose due to a struggle for control over the region of Cisplatina, which is present-day Uruguay.

• This was Brazil's first war as an independent nation, starting in 1825 and lasting until 1828. Despite being disastrous for Brazil economically, losing control over Cisplatina led to an essential outcome: the independence of Cisplatina, known today as Uruguay.

Factors Leading to the Conflict

• The region of Cisplatina (Uruguay) had a history of tension and disputes dating back to colonial times between Portugal and Spain. Treaties like the Treaty of Madrid aimed to define territorial boundaries but did not resolve conflicts definitively.

• Dom João VI's arrival in Brazil in 1808 due to Napoleon's invasions led to incorporating Cisplatina into Brazilian territory. This annexation was a response to Spain allowing Napoleon's troops through its territory.

Pre-War Events

• Before the actual war began, Brazil conducted two invasions into Cisplatina in 1816 under Dom João VI's reign. These invasions incorporated Cisplatina into Portugal's realm as part of Portugal-Brazil-Algarves.

Independence of Brazil and the Cisplatina War

This section discusses the process of Brazilian independence, focusing on Dom Pedro I as a key figure. It also delves into the annexation of Cisplatina to Brazil post-independence and the subsequent Cisplatina War.

Brazilian Independence and Annexation of Cisplatina

• In 1822, Brazil declared independence, with some provinces, including Cisplatina, remaining annexed to Brazil.

• Dom Pedro I initiated the first Constitution of Brazil but rejected it later. Representatives from Cisplatina participated in the constituent assembly.

• Despite declaring independence, Brazil kept Cisplatina annexed until tensions led to the Cisplatine War in 1825.

The Cisplatine War

• The war began with a rebellion in 1825 led by Juan Lavalleja and the "33 Orientals," aiming for separation from Brazil and alignment with Argentina.

• The conflict raised questions about alliances as rebel groups sought support from Argentina due to material aid received during the war.

Cisplatine War Developments

This section explores differing objectives in the Cisplatine War between Brazil and Argentina, highlighting aspirations for control over Cisplatina.

Objectives in the Conflict

• Brazil aimed to regain control over Cisplatina and suppress rebellion, while Argentina sought dominion over the region.

• A significant portion of those in Cisplatina desired independence under a republican model, adding complexity to war motivations.

Outcomes and Consequences

• The conflict erupted officially in December 1825 amid challenges faced by Dom Pedro I during Brazil's early years post-independence.

• The war proved costly for both sides, leading to economic crises post-war that impacted Dom Pedro I's reign significantly.

Resolution of the Conflict

This part details key battles during the Cispatine War and its resolution through a peace treaty that resulted in Uruguay's independence.

Key Battles and Resolution

• Notable battles like Rincão das Galinhas, Juncal Naval Battle, and Ituzaingó shaped outcomes before Dom Pedro I accepted defeat via a peace treaty in 1828.

• Both Brazil and Argentina relinquished control over Cispatine due to financial strains post-war. This led to Uruguay emerging as an independent republic.

Consequences for Brazil

This final segment highlights major repercussions of the war on Brazil, particularly economic challenges following significant military expenditures.

Impact on Brazil

• Economic crises ensued post-Cispaltine War due to high mercenary costs incurred by Dom Pedro I.

War of Cisplatina and Its Impact on Dom Pedro I

The discussion delves into the War of Cisplatina and its repercussions on Dom Pedro I, emphasizing how this conflict significantly influenced the economic crisis and political image during his reign.

Economic Crisis Triggered by War

• The involvement in the war exacerbated an economic crisis due to excessive issuance of paper currency by Casa da Moeda, leading to currency devaluation.

Damage to Dom Pedro I's Image

• Dom Pedro I's popularity suffered a blow as the conflict tarnished his image, not only due to the economic downturn but also because of his authoritarian governance style.

Authoritarian Rule and Constitutional Framework

• The discussion highlights that apart from the economic impact, Dom Pedro I's autocratic rule under a constitution with a "moderating power" clause contributed to his declining popularity.

Significance of War in Crisis Context

• The war played a pivotal role in diminishing Dom Pedro I's favor among the populace, adding to various factors that led to his loss of popularity during the first reign.

Historical Context and Future Wars

• The significance of understanding regional history around River Plate Basin for comprehending the War of Cisplatina is emphasized. Additionally, it hints at future conflicts in the region beyond this war.