✅TRABAJOS PRELIMINARES EN EL PROCESO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN🌟

Introduction to Preliminary Work in Construction

Overview of Preliminary Work

• The video introduces the concept of preliminary work in construction, emphasizing its importance as a preparatory stage before laying foundations and structures.

• It highlights that this phase includes tasks such as clearing the site, which involves removing vegetation and debris to ensure a solid foundation.

Site Clearing Process

• The process begins with cutting down shrubs and plants taller than 30 cm using tools like axes or saws, ensuring a clean area for construction.

• Emphasis is placed on removing all objects left by previous owners or neighbors, including trash that may have accumulated over time on the property.

Importance of Thorough Cleaning

• The speaker stresses the responsibility of constructors to ensure proper cleaning to avoid future complications during construction.

• Removal of dead vegetation and roots is crucial as they can interfere with foundation integrity; roots can absorb moisture and grow into foundational structures.

Equipment and Safety Measures

• After clearing, workers must be equipped with necessary tools for transporting debris safely to designated disposal sites approved by municipal authorities.

• Workers should wear protective gear like gloves and vests due to potential hazards such as sharp glass or animal remains found on-site.

Regulations for Debris Disposal

Municipal Guidelines

• It's essential to obtain authorization from local authorities when disposing of debris to prevent legal issues later on.

Integration of Natural Elements

• Constructors are encouraged to preserve healthy trees and plants that can be integrated into the project design while removing any dead nature that could obstruct excavation processes.

Preparing for Layout Marking

Soil Condition Assessment

• Checking soil conditions is vital since remnants from animals mixed with moisture can weaken soil support capacity affecting foundation stability.

Establishing Project Boundaries

• To begin layout marking, knowledge about project plans and land boundaries is necessary. Clients should provide topographical maps or deeds for accurate boundary verification.

Tools for Layout Marking

• Use auxiliary elements like wooden stakes (60 cm x 15 cm), which need consideration in budget planning during preliminary work stages.

Construction Process Overview

Initial Preparations and Materials

• The project requires stakes of 60 centimeters in length, which will be secured with 2-inch nails. This is essential for the next steps in the construction process.

• Before marking the boundaries, it’s important to measure the land's dimensions (length and width) and add an additional 50 centimeters for trench space. This ensures proper planning for excavation.

Boundary Marking Techniques

• If there are no adjacent properties or walls, marking boundaries becomes easier; otherwise, it complicates the process. Proper boundary identification is crucial before placing stakes.

• The first stake must be deeply embedded as a reference point, ideally aligned with nearby structures like a neighbor's house or existing sidewalks to ensure accuracy in measurements.

Establishing Reference Points

• A second stake should be placed opposite the first using a square tool to maintain alignment; this involves tying a string at the center of each stake for precise measurement across the site.

• It’s recommended to use materials such as chalk or markers for clear delineation of lines based on these reference points, ensuring that all measurements are accurate throughout the perimeter setup.

Perimeter Delimitation

• Additional stakes should be positioned every 50 centimeters apart along the perimeter to clearly define property boundaries, allowing for effective visual guidance during construction activities.

• Careful attention must be paid to surface conditions when laying out these markers; cleaning debris from the area is vital for accurate placement and visibility of markings on-site.

Internal Structure Planning

• After establishing external boundaries, internal bridges need to be set up according to detailed plans that indicate where foundations and columns will go; this aids in future construction phases like wall erection and utility installations.

• Accurate leveling of terrain is necessary before proceeding with any groundwork; understanding how different elevations affect building levels helps establish a consistent foundation height relative to surrounding areas like sidewalks or streets.

Leveling Considerations

• Leveling determines how high above ground level (often between 15 cm to 30 cm) various elements will sit compared to existing structures or natural ground features; this step is critical in avoiding issues related to drainage or structural integrity later on during construction phases.

• Stake placements can help visualize desired elevation levels by marking them accordingly based on established benchmarks from nearby constructions or natural landmarks within proximity of the site being developed.

How to Level Foundations Using a Hose Method

Introduction to the Hose Leveling Method

• The hose leveling method is a traditional technique used in construction for leveling foundations, particularly when marking stakes on bridges.

• A long, transparent hose filled with clean potable water is essential for this method. It's crucial to ensure no air bubbles are trapped inside the hose during filling.

Preparing the Hose and Marking Levels

• It’s important to leave at least 10 centimeters of empty space on each side of the hose while setting it up.

• One end of the hose is placed at the first post, ensuring that water levels align with pre-marked heights (15 to 30 centimeters above ground).

Collaborating for Accurate Measurements

• A second worker assists by positioning the other end of the hose at a second post, marking where the water level aligns with established benchmarks.

• After establishing levels between posts, measurements can be taken using a tape measure to identify any discrepancies in height.

Analyzing Height Differences

• For example, if one post measures 15 centimeters and another measures 18 centimeters, there is a 3-centimeter difference indicating uneven terrain.

• Variations in height across multiple posts highlight that terrain will rarely be flat due to factors like topography and previous site conditions.

Importance of Proper Leveling for Foundation Stability

• This leveling process ensures that future foundation work will be stable and properly aligned, preventing issues such as settling or sinking once loads are applied.

• Emphasizing proper execution during this stage is critical; poor foundational work can lead to significant structural problems later on.

Conclusion: The Significance of Foundation Preparation

• The foundation's integrity relies heavily on accurate leveling; neglecting this step can result in hidden flaws beneath concrete layers that support building structures.