Далекосхідні релігії (Ч7/12) Історія релігії, Ігор Козловський

Exploring Harmonic and Eastern Religious Systems

Introduction to Cultural Texts and Religious Systems

• The journey focuses on cultural texts and religious systems that emerged in various spaces.

• Two lectures are dedicated to harmonic religious systems, which aim to save individuals from the confines of this world.

Characteristics of Chromatic Systems

• Sometimes referred to as chromatic or theocentric systems, these religions seek a higher existence beyond ordinary human life.

• There is often confusion among specialists regarding the general philosophies or Eastern beliefs associated with these systems.

Distinctiveness of Eastern Civilizations

• Eastern religions represent entirely different cultural texts that do not always align; similarities arise only through interpretative bridges created by scholars.

• Chinese civilization serves as a foundational base for Far Eastern culture, influenced by other nations such as Mongolia and Tibet, albeit to a lesser extent.

The Nature of Far Eastern Thought

• Unlike harmonic systems, Far Eastern religions lack a theocentric structure; their higher principles are non-theistic.

• Chinese civilization is characterized by an anthropocentric and sociocentric mindset focused on maximizing human life enjoyment here on Earth.

Historical Context of Han Civilization

• The majority of tribes contributing to Han civilization originated around the Huang He River basin, with significant migrations influencing modern Thailand's population in the 13th century CE.

• Early inhabitants included various ethnic groups related to Tai-Kadai and Tibeto-Burman languages who migrated across regions including Indonesia and parts of Southeast Asia.

Naming Conventions and Historical Misunderstandings

• The term "Han" refers to what is now known as China; however, Europeans misinterpreted it based on historical names like Qin (Ch'in). This led to misconceptions about China's identity over time.

• Similar naming issues exist globally; for instance, India is known locally as Bharat rather than its European name, highlighting how ethnonyms can evolve historically under varying influences.

Differences in Mythology Between Cultures

• Indian culture tends toward mythologizing history where events are less important than their narrative significance; myths hold more authority than historical records for them.

• In contrast, Chinese culture emphasizes historicity even within myths—myths are often contextualized with specific dates and figures treated as historical entities rather than purely mythical ones.

This structured approach provides clarity on key themes discussed in the transcript while allowing easy navigation through timestamps for further exploration of each topic.

Understanding the Cultural Significance of Rice in Eastern Civilizations

The Importance of Presence and Rituals

• The emphasis on presence in different cultures highlights how Chinese perspectives prioritize being present in specific contexts, contrasting with utilitarian views.

• Traditional Chinese temples serve as multifunctional spaces for rituals and community gatherings, illustrating a blend of sacredness and practicality.

Agricultural Foundations of Civilization

• Major civilizations often develop around river basins that require irrigation systems, emphasizing the significance of agriculture in societal formation.

• Rice is central to East Asian civilization; it symbolizes life and sustenance, akin to bread in other cultures.

The Evolution of Rice Cultivation

• The transition from wild rice gathering to cultivated rice farming marked the beginning of agricultural communities, necessitating collective effort among people.

• Settlements emerged as organized agricultural practices took root, paralleling developments seen in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Environmental Challenges and Community Response

• Civilizations arise under challenging conditions where cooperation is essential for survival against natural adversities or competing societies.

• Historical examples illustrate that civilizations like those along the Nile or Yellow River developed due to their ability to adapt to harsh environments.

Divination Practices and Cultural Texts

• Early divination methods involved using animal bones and shells, which laid foundations for future cultural texts within East Asian civilization.

• The I Ching (Book of Changes), derived from these practices, emphasizes change as a constant aspect of life, shaping philosophical thought.

Philosophical Implications of Change

• Unlike Western inquiries into the future, Chinese philosophy focuses on practical responses to inevitable changes—what actions can be taken?

• This pragmatic approach underscores a fundamental question: how can individuals mitigate negative impacts from life's changes?

Influence on Culture and Thought

• The I Ching serves as a foundational text influencing various aspects of East Asian culture including philosophy, religion, literature, and daily life.

• It is often regarded as the "Bible" of Eastern thought due to its profound impact on understanding existence within this cultural context.

Understanding Cultural Thought Processes

The Influence of Different Cultures on Thinking

• The speaker discusses how different hemispheres of the brain influence thought processes, particularly in relation to reading and understanding complex texts like Marx's "Capital."

• Emphasizes that German philosophical thinking is characterized by continuous arguments that often lead to unexpected conclusions, illustrating a unique cognitive style.

• Highlights the cultural differences in thought formation, noting that European cultures also have their own distinct ways of developing ideas through language and imagery.

Visual Representation and Cognitive Development

• The integration of visual elements in texts shapes cognitive connections differently than traditional linear text formats, enhancing comprehension.

• Discusses the importance of understanding the evolution of symbols (like Chinese characters), which can reveal deeper meanings within cultural contexts.

The Significance of I Ching in Chinese Culture

• Introduces "I Ching" as a foundational text in Chinese philosophy, emphasizing its historical significance and the role of commentaries in interpreting its meaning over centuries.

• Argues that without knowledge of "I Ching," interpretations of other Chinese texts may be limited or misguided due to differing cognitive frameworks.

Mythology and Historical Context

• Explains how myths are historically contextualized within Chinese culture, using Fuxi as an example—a mythological figure who symbolizes early governance and wisdom.

• Describes Fuxi's vision from a mystical turtle or dragon, which inspired the creation of symbolic writing systems foundational to future texts.

Structure and Logic within I Ching

• Details the structure of hexagrams within "I Ching," explaining how combinations create meaning and reflect natural phenomena.

• Discusses personal development paths linked to birth hexagrams, suggesting these can guide life strategies based on ancient logic systems.

Symbolism: Heaven vs. Earth

• Analyzes the symbolism behind trigrams representing heaven (active principle) versus earth (passive principle), reflecting broader cultural archetypes across civilizations.

• Further explores trigram combinations, illustrating their meanings—such as clarity associated with fire—and how they relate to human experiences.

Conclusion: Interconnectedness of Nature and Thought

• Concludes with reflections on how various elements like water symbolize duality—soft yet potentially dangerous—highlighting a nuanced understanding inherent in Eastern philosophies.

Understanding the Concept of "Гень" and Its Philosophical Implications

The Nature of Гень

• Гень is described as a mountain, symbolizing stability. It represents a foundational concept in understanding the universe's structure.

• The eighth element discussed relates to initiatives and self-dedication, representing earth. This duality forms the basis for hexagrams, which consist of six lines that depict natural phenomena.

Human Existence in Eastern Philosophy

• The discussion emphasizes that while humans are not central to nature, they play a crucial role by being born into it. Humans connect heaven and earth, embodying a mission that places them at the center of existence.

• The anthropocentric nature of this system suggests that all cultural developments in Eastern philosophies revolve around human experiences and interpretations.

Symbolism in Ikebana

• Ikebana serves as an example where flowers symbolize life’s journey, with each arrangement reflecting philosophical ideas about existence and purpose.

• Various styles within Ikebana (e.g., Seka, Moribana) illustrate how these artistic expressions create a microcosm of the universe through their arrangements.

Development of I Ching Philosophy

• The evolution of I Ching philosophy is influenced by sages like Fusi and Zhou Gong, who contributed aphorisms related to hexagrams.

• Confucius further developed these texts into comprehensive commentaries that form the foundation for understanding I Ching today.

Learning and Mastery of I Ching

• Engaging deeply with I Ching requires years of study; mastery involves understanding its symbols and commentaries.

• Initial insights can be gained more quickly through guided learning but achieving full comprehension necessitates extensive dedication.

Internal vs. External Dynamics in Situations

• Situations are analyzed through internal (beginning phase) versus external (active phase), highlighting psychological aspects inherent in personal development.

• This framework allows for distinguishing between heavenly influences (external forces), earthly characteristics (internal traits), and human agency at the core.

Cultural Diversity Within Eastern Civilizations

• Eastern civilization is not monolithic; various communities across regions had distinct myths and worldviews shaped by their environments.

• Anthropomorphic beings emerged during this period, filled with sacred meanings rather than mere deities; dragons became significant figures within these narratives.

Mythological Narratives: The Dragon Story

• A myth illustrates a dragon seeking help from a doctor after falling ill; this story reflects themes of transformation and connection between realms.

Transformation Themes in Folklore

• Transformative beings such as foxes represent wisdom within folklore; their ability to shift forms symbolizes deeper truths about identity and perception.

This structured approach provides clarity on complex discussions surrounding Eastern philosophy, particularly focusing on concepts like Гень, human existence's role within it, cultural diversity, symbolism in art forms like Ikebana, and mythological narratives.

The Significance of Immortality in Chinese Culture

Immortal Peaches and Their Cultural Relevance

• Discussion on the mythological significance of immortal peaches in Chinese culture, which are said to bear fruit once every 3000 years.

• Description of an annual gathering on the birthday of a deity where various beings come together, highlighting the communal aspect of these myths.

Rituals and Ancestor Worship

• Emphasis on the importance of honoring ancestors, particularly when a family member reaches significant ages like 59, symbolized by gifting robes inscribed with "The Way of Life."

• Explanation of traditional practices surrounding ancestor care, including rituals performed during April known as "Red Hill," where families gather at gravesites.

Feng Shui and Spiritual Beliefs

• Introduction to Feng Shui not merely as geomancy but as a belief system involving spirits that can cause harm; understanding their movement is crucial for protection.

• Insight into how homes and graves are constructed to mitigate spiritual dangers, emphasizing the interconnectedness between physical space and spiritual well-being.

Movement of Spirits and Architectural Design

• Analysis of how spirits are believed to move in straight lines; thus, urban planning historically aimed to obstruct their paths.

• Discussion on architectural features such as curved streets designed to disrupt spirit movement, reflecting cultural beliefs about harmony with supernatural forces.

Philosophical Foundations: Confucius and Laozi

Emergence of Philosophical Thought

• Overview of how philosophical thought began developing around the first millennium BCE in China with figures like Confucius (Kongzi).

Confucian Teachings

• Description of Confucius's early life focused on ceremonies and order; he later became an advisor across various states before establishing his teachings.

• Key principles from Confucianism include maintaining social order through hierarchy—emphasizing respect within familial structures leading up to reverence for heaven.

Core Values: Ren (Humaneness)

• Exploration of 'Ren' or humaneness as a central tenet in Confucian philosophy; it encompasses love for humanity and respect for tradition.

Legacy After Death

• Reflection on Confucius's lasting impact after his death at age 72, including the establishment of a pantheon dedicated to him and his disciples.

Confucianism and Daoism: Key Concepts

Confucian Worship and Legacy

• The transcript discusses the existence of tables that outline key thoughts related to Confucius, alongside a house where his descendants lived, who were not taxed across various empires.

• It is noted that while some Europeans view the reverence for Confucius as deification, it is more accurately described as respect and worship. Ceremonies took place in this house where officials would take exams based on Confucian texts.

• By the 19th century, there were approximately 1,728 temples dedicated to Confucius, marking him as a significant figure in Chinese philosophy and religion.

Contrasting Philosophies: Confucius vs. Laozi

• The text contrasts Confucius with Laozi, highlighting that while Confucius focuses on social order (societal-centric), Laozi emphasizes individual experience (anthropocentric).

• The foundational text "Dao De Jing" by Laozi is mentioned as a philosophical work rather than a religious one initially; its influence grows into Daoism over time.

Understanding Daoism

• The concept of 'Dao' is introduced as something beyond description; anything named ceases to be 'Dao', emphasizing its ineffable nature.

• 'Dao' is characterized not as a deity but an abstract principle governing existence. It transcends boundaries and limitations.

Yin-Yang Philosophy

• The duality of Yin (feminine, descending energy) and Yang (masculine, ascending energy) illustrates how these forces interact to create balance in the world.

• Unlike Western notions of conflict between opposites, Chinese thought sees them as complementary forces that generate harmony rather than struggle.

Naturalness vs. Education in Daoist Thought

• A critical distinction arises between Confucian education's emphasis on cultivation versus Laozi's belief in naturalness; he argues against forced education which leads to artificiality.

• The principle of 'wu wei' or non-action suggests aligning actions with the natural flow of life rather than imposing one's will upon it.

Practical Applications of Daoist Principles

• Movement practices rooted in Daoism are discussed; they emphasize fluidity and responsiveness to one's environment through active engagement without forceful opposition.

Insights on Laozi and Natural Living

The Essence of Movement and Perspective

• The speaker discusses the concept of movement, emphasizing that perspectives come from various sources, including Yin and Yang principles. This duality is inherent in all aspects of life.

• Emphasizes the idea of naturalness, stating that true action comes from a state of non-action (Wu Wei). The speaker illustrates this by questioning unnecessary actions when simpler solutions exist.

Myths Surrounding Laozi

• A myth about Laozi's journey beyond the Chinese empire is shared, highlighting his encounter with a border guard who questions his servant's claim of having traveled with Laozi for 200 years.

• The border guard’s disbelief leads to a dramatic moment involving a talisman believed to grant immortality, showcasing cultural beliefs surrounding longevity and wisdom.

Philosophical Debates and Truth

• Discusses philosophical debates during Laozi's time regarding human nature—whether humans are born good or inherently flawed. Laozi refrains from engaging in these disputes, believing truth cannot emerge from arguments.

• Uses an allegory involving a monkey and fish debating their living conditions to illustrate that different beings have unique perspectives on existence.

Cultural Evolution in Daoism

• Highlights how the idea of living naturally gained traction during the early first millennium CE amidst evolving religious traditions in China. Various communities began forming around new spiritual concepts.

• Mentions practices within these communities that included extreme rituals aimed at connecting with nature, indicating a shift towards more experiential forms of spirituality.

Influence of Buddhism and Migration Patterns

• Notes the influence of Buddhism on Daoism as migration patterns shifted populations southward due to invasions. This led to cultural blending among diverse groups within China.

• Describes how traditional territories were transformed through migration, resulting in new cultural expressions like Fengliu (wind flow), which emphasizes harmony with nature.

Practices for Natural Living

• Discusses ancient practices aimed at achieving natural states through methods such as consuming hallucinogenic mushrooms or engaging in uninhibited behaviors like drinking and shedding societal norms.

• Concludes with reflections on how these practices fostered creativity among artists and intellectual figures who contributed significantly to Chinese culture during this transformative period.

The Philosophy of Daoist Masters and Their Practices

The Nature of Existence and Identity

• A renowned master greeted visitors completely naked, emphasizing that one's home is akin to clothing. He challenged societal norms about shame by asserting that the body is merely a garment.

• Daoist masters valued solitude, often retreating to the mountains for reflection. They engaged in writing poetry and enjoying peach wine as part of their spiritual practice.

The Concept of Laziness in Daoism

• Laziness, or "Лінь," is viewed as an art form among those who are exhausted from labor. It reflects a natural state where individuals embrace rest instead of constant work.

• This philosophy encourages embracing one's nature, suggesting that it’s acceptable to lie down and do nothing at times, which can be seen as a form of mastery over oneself.

Historical Context and Influential Figures

• The discussion highlights historical figures like Li Bo, comparing him to literary giants such as Dante and Shakespeare due to his significant impact on culture.

• Chinese Renaissance is portrayed as more expansive than its European counterpart, influencing all levels of society rather than being just an episodic event.

Cultural Significance of Rice

• In Chinese culture, rice (джуши) holds central importance in meals compared to meat or fish (гарнір), reflecting a different culinary perspective where rice is the staple food consumed throughout the day.

Immortality Concepts in Daoism

• Central to Daoist thought is "Чаншен," or the science of immortality. Some masters claim extraordinary lifespans, illustrating beliefs surrounding longevity and spiritual practices aimed at achieving immortality.

The Practice of Chanxin: A Path to a Healthy Life

Understanding the Essence of Chanxin

• Chanxin is described as a specific practice that serves as a foundation for various ideas aimed at fostering a special relationship with life.

• The goal of this practice is to achieve longevity, health, and fulfillment in life, emphasizing the importance of living without illness.

• Key components include proper walking, breathing techniques, and mindful eating, all rooted in awareness and understanding.

• Practitioners are encouraged to learn how to nurture themselves through their own breath and internal energy without exhausting it.

• This holistic approach integrates physical actions with mental awareness to enhance overall well-being.