15 SEPTEMBER 2026 14:30-16:00 HISTORY GRADE 12 PAPER 2

Overview of the Lesson

Introduction to Paper Two

• Mr. Dixon introduces the lesson, focusing on an overview of Paper Two for G2 learners, in collaboration with the Kang Department of Education and Sapono Discovery Center.

• The lesson will cover specific questions from Section A (source-based) and Section B (essay), specifically questions one, two, four, and five.

Focus Areas

• Section A centers on civil resistance from 1970 to 1980s, addressing apartheid's crisis and internal resistance in South Africa.

• Key topics include the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), democracy's emergence in South Africa, and globalization post-Cold War.

Structure of Tomorrow's Exam

Question Breakdown

• Section B includes questions about civil resistance challenges to apartheid state and negotiating settlements leading to a government of national unity.

• Students must answer three questions: one source-based question, one essay question, and a third that can be either type.

Instructions for Answering Questions

• Emphasis is placed on spending one hour per question within the total three-hour exam duration.

• The structure requires students to first tackle source-based questions before moving onto essays.

Cognitive Levels in History Questions

Understanding Cognitive Levels

• Level One involves extracting information directly from sources; it accounts for 12 marks based on definitions or historical concepts.

• Level Two requires interpretation and analysis of evidence from sources for a total of 20 marks.

Advanced Analysis

• Level Three focuses on evaluating sources' reliability, usefulness, biases, and comparing different perspectives; this level also includes paragraph responses worth eight marks.

Detailed Examination of Question Types

Level One Questions

• These require extraction using verbs like "list," "quote," or "identify" with maximum marks typically being low (1*1 or similar).

Level Two Questions

• Involves interpreting evidence with higher mark allocations (up to 4 points); key verbs include "explain" or "describe."

Engaging with Level Three Questions

Characteristics of Level Three

• These require deeper analysis such as comparing sources or commenting on their reliability; they carry higher mark values up to eight points for paragraphs.

Source Evaluation Techniques

Analyzing Sources

• Students should identify similarities between sources when asked how they support each other while contrasting them when differences arise.

Reliability Assessment

• Evaluating reliability involves questioning accuracy and trustworthiness by considering authorship and context surrounding the source creation.

Paragraph Writing Guidelines

Crafting Effective Responses

• Paragraph answers must relate back to key questions; students are advised against copying text verbatim but rather paraphrasing main ideas while citing sources accurately.

Overview of Total Strategy and Political Reforms in South Africa

Introduction to Total Strategy

• The concept of "total strategy" was introduced by Bhorta in response to perceived threats against South Africa, beginning with the Urban Bantu Authorities Act in 1982.

• This act allowed limited political rights for black individuals, enabling them to elect councilors within townships and lease houses from councils for up to 99 years.

Triamial Parliament System

• In 1983, Bhorta implemented the Triamial Parliament system, dividing parliament into three houses: House of Delegates (Indians), House of Representatives (Colored), and House of Assembly (Whites).

• Black individuals were excluded from this system as they were believed to exercise their political rights within designated homelands like Zuluand and Transkei.

Internal Resistance Movements

• Internal resistance emerged with leaders like Dr. Reverend Allan Boesak and Archbishop Desmond Tutu forming the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983.

• The UDF opposed the exclusion of blacks from the Triamial Parliament, highlighting that including them would lead to a majority vote against existing power structures.

Student Activism and Conscription Campaign

• Various organizations under UDF included student groups advocating against conscription laws that forced white males into military service.

• The End Conscription Campaign aimed at preventing white youths from being compelled to fight against anti-apartheid movements such as ANC and PAC.

Formation of Mass Democratic Movement

• By 1987, many organizations aligned with UDF faced bans; subsequently, they rebranded as the Mass Democratic Movement.

• This transition marked a significant shift in resistance strategies during apartheid's later years.

Source-Based Questions on Apartheid Resistance

Analyzing Protest Significance

• A rally organized by COSATU on May 1st, 1986 highlighted workers' struggles globally while commemorating International Workers' Day.

Understanding Symbols in Protests

• The phrase "forward with the workers' struggle" indicated a commitment among workers to oppose oppressive labor laws imposed by the apartheid government.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

Purpose and Functioning of TRC

• Established post-apartheid under Archbishop Desmond Tutu's leadership, TRC aimed for restorative justice through truth-telling between victims and perpetrators.

Amnesty Process

• To receive amnesty from TRC, crimes had to be politically motivated; only those who told the truth about their actions could qualify for forgiveness.

Impact on Society

• While TRC facilitated public testimonies broadcasted live, it also faced criticism regarding its effectiveness in addressing historical injustices committed during apartheid.

Case Study: Reverend Farasani

Political Activism Against Apartheid

• Reverend Farasani was a founding member of both the Black People's Convention (BPC) and Black Evangelical Youth Organizations (BEYO), actively opposing apartheid policies throughout his life.

Human Rights Violations

• His imprisonment led to international condemnation due to severe torture he endured while detained without trial multiple times between 1977–1987.

This structured summary captures key discussions around total strategy reforms during apartheid South Africa while providing timestamps for easy reference.

Structuring an Essay: The Pill Method

Introduction to the Essay Structure

• Essays should follow a chronological order, starting from 1960 and progressing year by year.

• Each paragraph must include an example to reinforce the main point being made.

The Pill Method Explained

• The "P" in the Pill method stands for the opening sentence of a paragraph that states your point or statement.

• The first "E" is for explaining the point made; for instance, discussing Steve Biko's ideology of black consciousness.

• The second "E" involves providing evidence or examples that support your explanation.

• Finally, the "L" means linking back to either the introduction or transitioning to the next paragraph.

Body Paragraph Requirements

• An essay body consists of multiple paragraphs—12 to 16 are common—and should cover at least three pages as a minimum requirement.

• If you reach page three without fully developing your argument, continue writing until you've covered all necessary points.

Conclusion and Content Guidelines

• After completing body paragraphs, focus on crafting a strong conclusion and revisiting how both introduction and conclusion should be structured.

Understanding Black Consciousness

Nature and Aims of Black Consciousness

• Questions may focus on specific aspects like nature and aims; however, it's essential to write comprehensively about black consciousness as a whole.

Historical Context Post-Sharpeville Massacre

• Following the Sharpeville massacre, no political organization was effectively opposing apartheid due to many leaders being exiled or imprisoned.

Ideology Development by Steve Biko

• Black consciousness aimed to combat feelings of inferiority among black people by promoting unity and liberation from mental shackles.

Influences on Steve Biko's Ideology

Key Influences

• Steve Biko was influenced by figures such as Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, integrating their ideologies into his own approach within South Africa.

Notable Quotes from Steve Biko

• He emphasized that “the most powerful weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed,” highlighting mental liberation's importance.

Expanding on Black Consciousness Initiatives

Role in Community Development

• Discussing initiatives like CESO (South African Students' Organization), which aimed at empowering black students through education and activism.

Government Response

• Initially supportive due to separate development policies but later introduced strict regulations against movements perceived as threats.

Impact on Student Uprisings

Educational Programs

• Under house arrest, Biko initiated various programs including medical care and educational reforms aimed at uplifting black communities.

Soweto Uprising Influence

• Discusses how CESO members became teachers who inspired students during protests against oppressive educational policies enforced by apartheid.

Legacy of Black Consciousness

Lasting Political Influence

• Examines how events like Soweto shaped future political landscapes in South Africa, encouraging more active resistance against oppression.

Transitioning Towards Democracy

Overview of Democratic Movements

• Introduces question five regarding democracy’s emergence in South Africa post-apartheid negotiations led by figures like Nelson Mandela.

Negotiation Process Highlights

• Discusses key moments such as De Klerk’s speech announcing Mandela’s release alongside other political prisoners marking significant negotiation milestones.

Challenges During Negotiations

Breakdown Points

• Details challenges faced during negotiations including accusations between parties leading up to violent confrontations affecting peace efforts.

Violence Impact Analysis

• Explores violence instigated by groups opposed to negotiations which threatened stability during this critical transition period towards democracy.