European Exploration in the AMERICAS [APUSH Unit 1 Topic 3] 1.3

Exploration of the Americas: European Motivations and Initial Encounters

Why Did Europeans Start Exploring?

• The population in Europe began to rebound after the Black Plague, leading to increased exploration interests.

• Political unification in various European states resulted in centralized governments led by powerful monarchs.

• A wealthy upper class emerged, driven by a desire for luxury goods from Asia, which fueled the impulse for exploration.

Challenges with Existing Trade Routes

• Land-based trade routes across Afro-Eurasia were largely controlled by Muslims, limiting European access to Asian goods on their own terms.

• This control prompted Europeans to seek water-based routes to Asia for better trade opportunities.

Portugal's Role in Maritime Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal aimed to find a passage to Asia via the Atlantic Ocean, specifically around Africa.

• Portugal established a trading post empire along the African coast and gained dominance in Indian Ocean trade through advanced maritime technology.

• Utilized caravels—nimble ships dedicated solely to trade rather than warfare.

• Improved navigation using updated charts and borrowed technologies like the astrolabe.

Spain Joins the Race

• Spain sought economic benefits from exploration after witnessing Portugal's success; Isabella and Ferdinand united Spain under Catholicism and aimed to spread Christianity as well.

• Christopher Columbus approached Spanish monarchs seeking sponsorship for a westward route to Asia, aiming also to prove that Earth was round.

Columbus' Journey and Its Consequences

• In 1492, Columbus set sail westward but instead discovered what is now known as the Caribbean, landing on San Salvador while believing he had reached the East Indies.

• The indigenous inhabitants welcomed Columbus but mistakenly showcased gold jewelry, which led him back to Spain with enslaved natives and tales of wealth.