La Odisea - Resumen completo

The Story of Odysseus and Penelope

This section introduces the story of Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, who has been away from his kingdom for twenty years. The first ten years were spent in the Trojan War, and the following ten years were dedicated to finding a way back home. Meanwhile, his wife Penelope waits for him at home, fending off numerous suitors.

Odysseus' Absence and Penelope's Strategy

• Penelope believes that Odysseus is still alive and tries to delay her suitors by pretending to weave a garment for her father.

• Secretly, she unravels her work at night to prolong its completion.

• The suitors discover her ruse and continue feasting in Odysseus' hall while abusing his servants.

• Telémaco, Odysseus' son, also suffers insults from the suitors.

Athena's Intervention

Athena appeals to Zeus to allow Odysseus to return home after being held captive on Calypso's island for seven years. Zeus agrees and sends Hermes as a messenger to demand Odysseus' release.

Telemachus Sets Sail

• Athena disguises herself as an old friend of Odysseus and advises Telemachus to gather a crew and sail to Pylos and Sparta for information about his father.

• Telemachus hesitates but eventually agrees and sets sail without informing anyone in his household.

• Penelope despairs at the thought of Telemachus sharing his father's fate.

Telemachus Meets Nestor

Telemachus arrives in Pylos and is warmly welcomed by King Nestor. They discuss the Trojan War, and Nestor advises Telemachus to visit Menelaus in Sparta for further information about Odysseus.

Telemachus Meets Menelaus

Telemachus and his crew reach Sparta, where they are received by Menelaus and Helen. They learn that Odysseus is on Calypso's island but are unsure if he is still there or if he is alive.

Odysseus Meets Nausicaa

After escaping from Calypso's island, Odysseus lands on the island of Scheria. He encounters Nausicaa, who takes him to the palace of her father, King Alcinous.

Odysseus' Tales

In Alcinous' palace, Odysseus recounts his adventures starting from the departure of his twelve ships from Troy. He describes encounters with the Lotus-Eaters and the Cyclops Polyphemus.

Escape from Polyphemus

Odysseus and his men find themselves trapped in Polyphemus' cave. They blind Polyphemus using a sharpened stake while he sleeps, allowing them to escape. However, they incur Poseidon's wrath for blinding his son.

The Bag of Winds

On the island of Aeolos, Odysseus receives a bag containing all the winds as a gift. His crew opens it out of curiosity, causing a storm that blows them off course.

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The Island of Circe

This section describes how Odysseus and his crew arrived at the island of Circe, a powerful sorceress. Half of the crew was sent to explore the island and encountered Circe, who invited them to her mansion. However, one man refused to enter.

Odysseus' Encounter with Circe

• Odysseus' second-in-command, Eurylochus, witnessed his companions being turned into pigs after eating food offered by Circe.

• Eurylochus quickly informed Odysseus about what had happened.

• Odysseus returned alone to confront Circe and demanded the release of his men.

• Circe complied and allowed them to leave but warned that their journey would continue only if they traveled to the underworld in search of the prophet Tiresias.

The Journey Ahead

In this section, Tiresias informs Odysseus about the challenges he will face on his journey back home. These include encountering sirens, Scylla (a six-headed monster), Charybdis (a deadly whirlpool), and avoiding Thrinacia (an island with sacred cattle).

Challenges on the Journey

• Sirens: Odysseus must navigate past an island inhabited by sirens who lure sailors with their enchanting songs and then kill them.

• Scylla and Charybdis: They must pass through a treacherous strait where Scylla resides—a six-headed monster—and Charybdis—a destructive whirlpool. They should avoid fighting Scylla to prevent further casualties.

• Thrinacia: They must not land on Thrinacia as it is home to Zeus' sacred cattle. Anyone who harms the cattle will face dire consequences.

The Island of the Sirens

Odysseus and his crew navigate past the island of the sirens, following Circe's instructions. They plug their ears with wax to resist the allure of the sirens' song. Odysseus is tied to the mast so he can hear their song without being tempted.

Passing by the Sirens

• Odysseus orders his men to plug their ears with wax, except for himself.

• He instructs his crew to tie him tightly to the mast so that he can listen to the sirens' song without being lured towards them.

• By following these precautions, they successfully pass by the island of the sirens without harm.

The Island of Helios' Cattle

Despite warnings from Circe and Tiresias, Odysseus' crew lands on Thrinacia and disregards their oath not to harm Zeus' sacred cattle. As a result, they face severe consequences.

Consequences of Landing on Thrinacia

• Due to hunger, some members of Odysseus' crew break their oath and kill and eat some of Zeus' sacred cattle.

• As punishment for this act, Zeus causes a storm that destroys their ship and kills all but Odysseus.

• Odysseus manages to survive by clinging onto a makeshift raft.

Return to Ithaca

After being stranded on Calypso's island for several years, Odysseus finally returns home. Athena advises him to seek help from his loyal servant Eumaeus before revealing his true identity.

Reunion with Telemachus and Eumaeus

• Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, arrives at the hut of his loyal servant Eumaeus.

• Athena guides him to reveal himself only to Telemachus, his son.

• Telemachus announces that Penelope will marry the suitor who can string Odysseus' bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axe rings.

• Only Odysseus succeeds in this task, proving his identity.

• Together with Telemachus and Eumaeus, they plan to confront the suitors.

The Slaying of the Suitors

Odysseus, Telemachus, and Eumaeus take revenge on the suitors who have been courting Penelope in Odysseus' absence. They kill all but two of them.

Defeating the Suitors

• After successfully stringing his bow and shooting an arrow through twelve axe rings, Odysseus reveals his true identity to everyone present.

• With the help of Telemachus and Eumaeus, they engage in a battle against the suitors.

• They manage to kill all but two of the suitors before peace is restored.

Conclusion

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