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FRANCIA MEDIEVAL 5: El Siglo de San Luis, las Cruzadas Menores y el fin de los Capetos (Historia)
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FRANCIA MEDIEVAL 5: El Siglo de San Luis, las Cruzadas Menores y el fin de los Capetos (Historia)

The Fourth Crusade

This section covers the events of the Fourth Crusade, including how it was organized and its aftermath.

Organizing the Crusade

  • Boniface of Monferrato led an army that included Baldwin of Flanders and Simon de Montfort. They contacted Duke Enrico Dando for 50 galleys in exchange for part of their conquests.
  • They were tasked with recovering Zara from Hungarian king Emérico, which they did in 1202.
  • Alexius IV, son of Byzantine emperor Isaac II, promised them soldiers and money to conquer the Holy Land if they helped him recover his throne.

Siege of Constantinople

  • The Crusaders arrived in Constantinople and helped restore Isaac II and his son to the throne.
  • However, a new usurper named Alejo V Ducas took control of the throne in 1204.
  • The Crusaders returned to besiege the city, resulting in ten days of destruction and chaos.

Aftermath

  • The Latin Empire was established under Baldwin of Flanders while surviving Byzantines formed the Empire of Nicaea.
  • Venice gained control over most islands in Aegean and maritime trade.
  • The nobles achieved their goal: land and wealth.

Administrative Reforms under King of France

This section discusses the administrative reforms made by the King of France to avoid parcelization of the feudal system and command over all French territory.

Administrative Reforms

  • The King of France became tremendously powerful after a victory.
  • He created the office of Provost, a public official elected by the king, usually a bourgeois, to administer a manorial domain.
  • He also had judicial prerogatives and collected taxes.
  • To control him were the real or bailíos dances, a representative of the real authority in the domains, charge very similar to that of the missi dominici.

Paris under Felipe Augusto

This section describes how Felipe Augusto made Paris beautiful and highlights some important landmarks.

Landmarks in Paris

  • Felipe Augusto made Paris very nice.
  • Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés was founded by Childebert I but it was at this time that they built this big tower.
  • Palace of Louvre where Fernando de Flandes was enclosed.
  • Palace of Cité or La Conciergerie was residence of king.
  • Cathedral of Sainte-Chapelle built by St. Louis to house Christian sacred relics like crown of thorns or fragments of Veracruz.
  • Notre Dame Cathedral still being built during this time period.
  • Prison Bastille is mentioned but not discussed further.

The Albigensian Crusade

This section discusses the Albigensian Crusade or Crusade against the Cathars, which lasted about 30 years.

The Cathars

  • The Cathars were a Christian sect of Gnostic roll that tried to return to the evangelical essences of Jesus Christ.
  • They only believed in the New Testament and rejected all icons, such as the cross, and the sacraments: baptism, marriage, eucharist ...
  • Their conception of the world was dualistic: they believed that the world had been created by Satan, and all that was visible was the work of the devil.
  • The perfect ones were Cathar bishops without a church who preached in an itinerant way.

The Albigensian Crusade

  • It lasted about 30 years.
  • Pope Innocent III and other religious leaders began to persecute them.

The Albigensian Crusade and the Medieval Inquisition

This section covers the Albigensian Crusade, which was a 20-year conflict between the Catholic Church and the Cathars in southern France. It also discusses the establishment of the Medieval Inquisition.

The Béziers Massacre and Carcassonne Tribunal

  • The Albigensian Crusade led to the Béziers massacre, where the entire population was stabbed.
  • After assaulting Carcassonne, possession of Trencavel family, a tribunal was established - that of the Medieval Inquisition.

Battle of Navas de Tolosa and Pedro II's Death

  • Pedro II of Aragon sided with Raymond and Trencavel for Carcassonne was his vassal.
  • Pedro II died during the Battle of Muret in 1213.

Simon de Monfort's Victory

  • Simon de Monfort received help from Luis the Lion and took much of rebel zone.
  • Conflict lasted for 20 years.

The Fifth Crusade

This section covers Pope Innocent III's proclamation of the Fifth Crusade to recover control over Middle East from Muslims.

Siege on Damietta

  • Pope Innocent III proclaimed Fifth Crusade.
  • Austrian Prince Leopold VI and King Andrew II participated.
  • They arrived in Acre to meet King John I of Brienne.
  • Plan was to besiege port city Damietta.
  • City fell into hands of crusaders after some time.

Retreat from Cairo

  • Troops had to withdraw due to flooding caused by Nile River.
  • They lost almost a year discussing how city would be divided before heading towards Cairo, capital of Egypt.
  • Al-Kamil had time to reorganize his army and Christian troops ended up drowned or muddled up.
  • Crusade ended in 1221.

St. Francis of Assisi and the Reign of San Luis

This section covers St. Francis of Assisi's attempt to convert Muslims during the Fifth Crusade, as well as the reign of King Louis IX, also known as San Luis.

St. Francis' Encounter with Al-Kamil

  • St. Francis accompanied soldiers on Fifth Crusade.
  • He attempted to convert Muslims and went to Al-Kamil camp with Fray Iluminado.
  • Enemy soldiers wanted to decapitate them but Al-Kamil let them tell their story.
  • He let them go with a carved ivory horn that would function as a kind of passport in his kingdom.

The Reign of San Luis

  • Henry III's Englishmen still dominated parts of southwestern France.
  • King Louis VIII tried to recover it but failed to besiege Bordeaux.
  • His son, Louis IX, was crowned in 1226 at age 12.
  • Many nobles rebelled against him due to being governed by a child and foreigner but they surrendered after some battles.
  • Louis IX was nicknamed "San Luis" due to his great prestige during his reign which made him even canonized.

French Fashion and Literature in the Medieval Period

This section discusses the influence of French fashion and literature during the medieval period.

French Fashion at Champagne Fairs

  • Merchants from all over Europe met periodically at Champagne fairs, which made French fashion influential in the Western world.

Literature by Chrétien de Troyes

  • Chrétien de Troyes is considered by many to be the father of the western medieval novel.
  • He popularized the Breton myth of King Arthur, with Lancelot, Percival, and other characters.

Troubadours and Legends

  • Many troubadours were popularizing legends such as Tristan and Isolde.
  • The Albigensian Crusade ended in 1244 with the capture of Cathar fortresses Montségur and Quéribus. According to legend, these people were in possession of the Holy Grail.

The 6th Crusade

This section discusses the 6th Crusade that took place in 1228.

Participation of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen

  • Only Frederick II of Hohenstaufen participated in this crusade.
  • By marrying Yolanda, daughter of Jean de Brienne, he became king of Jerusalem and regained control without bloodshed through agreements with Al-Kamil.

Wars and Disputes

This section discusses wars and disputes that occurred during this time period.

War of Saintonge

  • In 1242 there was a dispute between France and England over Saintonge.
  • The conflict ended with a French victory at the Battle of Taillebourg leaving Henry III with nothing to do in that area.

The Dispute of Paris

  • In 1244, the Jewish Talmud was accused of blasphemy and all copies were burned.

Mongols and Albigensian Crusade

This section discusses the Mongols and the Albigensian Crusade.

The Albigensian Crusade

  • The Albigensian Crusade ended in 1244 with the capture of Cathar fortresses Montségur and Quéribus.
  • According to legend, these people were in possession of the Holy Grail.

The Koranic Tartars

  • In 1244, the Koranic Tartars plundered Jerusalem.
  • Then, the Ayyubids of As-Salih Ayyub took control again, and Christians would not recover it.

Hulagu Khan's Arrival

  • Above the Mongols of Hulagu khan came to the Middle East with desires to kill and destroy.
  • He reduced to ashes the last strongholds of the sect of murderers, devastated Baghdad, and soon became a great danger to the whole world.

St. Louis' Crusades

This section discusses St. Louis' crusades.

St. Louis' Pacifist Zeal

  • Pope Innocent IV asked for help from French king St. Louis who decided to join a new crusade together with his brothers Carlos de Anjou, Alfonso de Poitiers, and Roberto de Artois.
  • St. Louis arrived in Cyprus seeking an alliance with Mongols against Ayyubids but failed due to their demands for gifts and jewelry.

Goal: Egypt

  • The goal was Egypt which was considered as center of Muslim power.
  • Port city Damietta fell into Christian hands and Sultan Ayyub died of illness in 1249.

Defeat

  • The crusaders tried to reach Cairo but Robert of Artois went recklessly through a town called Mansurah, and the enemies annihilated them in the back streets.
  • The king had to go back to Damietta, but on the way they got captured along with his brothers.

Treaties and Transformations

This section discusses treaties and transformations that occurred during this time period.

Treaty of Corbeil

  • St. Louis made a pact with King of Aragon Jaime I the Conqueror, signing the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258.
  • The French abandoned their sovereignty over Catalonia and Roussillon, which virtually remained his property, in exchange for Jaime renouncing the fiefs of Languedoc.

Treaty of Paris

  • In 1259, St. Louis signed the Treaty of Paris with King Henry III who renounced Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Poitou.
  • He stayed only in Aquitaine with Guyenne.

Transformation into Parliament

  • Medieval Regia Curia was transformed into Parliament of Paris which represented king judicially in feudal matters against vassals.
  • It also functioned occasionally as a consultative body and as a legislative body to create ordinances.

Battle of Field of Roses

  • In 1266 Charles of Anjou defeated Sicilians at Battle of Field of Roses crowned king with support from Guelphs who supported papacy.

The 8th Crusade

In this section, we learn about the 8th Crusade and its failure.

San Luis' Crusade to Tunisia

  • King St. Louis set course for Carthage, to Tunisia.
  • An epidemic of plague killed many of his soldiers and also his second son, Juan Tristán.
  • His brother Carlos de Anjou faced the Tunisian Sultan and after several victories he managed to agree with him.

Prince Edward I's Attempt

  • Prince Edward I of England went to lend a hand but found that scenario and decided to go to Acre on his own.
  • They saw that there was nothing to do and they got pissed.

The Fall of the Capetians (1270-1328)

This section covers the reign of Philip III el Atrevido, Philip IV the Fair, and their conflicts with Aragon and Flanders.

Reign of Philip III el Atrevido

  • During his reign he managed to inherit the County of Toulouse, and also married his son, Philip IV the Fair, with Juana I of Navarre.
  • The French king made double epic combo and went on to control the Kingdom of Navarre and also the county of Champagne.

Conflicts with Aragon

  • In 1284 he joined the Crusade against Aragon's Pedro III.
  • The crusade ended in failure when Peter died from dysentery in Perpignan.

Conflict with Flanders

  • Conflict broke out with the Matins of Bruges in 1302, a nightly revolt of the Flemish bourgeoisie against the French garrison of that city.
  • The new French troops that arrived were defeated in the Battle of Kortrijk, or Battle of the Golden Spurs, and Flanders became independent under the dictatorship of an artisan guild known as the Blue Nails.

The Bull Unam Sanctam and Anagni's Attack

This section discusses the ultimatum presented to the Pope by King Philip IV of France, which led to the bull Unam Sanctam affirming his right to depose him. It also covers the attack on the Pope in Anagni by an army led by William de Nogaret.

The Ultimatum and Anagni's Attack

  • King Philip IV of France presented an ultimatum to the Pope, which led to the bull Unam Sanctam affirming his right to depose him.
  • In response, the king sent an army led by William de Nogaret to arrest the pope in a failed attempt known as Anagni's Attack.

Extermination of Order of Templars

This section discusses how Clement V approved the extermination of the Order of Templars despite not being in favor of it at all.

Fall of San Juan de Acre and Persecution Against Templars

  • The fall of San Juan de Acre was blamed on Templars who were more dedicated to banking than defending their stronghold.
  • Persecution against them began in 1307, and seven years later, their Grand Master Jacques de Molai was captured and burned at stake.

Creation of Esoteric Orders

  • Surviving Templars went underground and created other esoteric orders such as Freemasons or Rosicrucian Order.

Scandal at Torre de Nesle

This section covers Escandalo de la Torre de Nesle that occurred before the death of King Philip IV of France.

Scandal at Torre de Nesle

  • The scandal involved two palace gentlemen who had sex with the wives of their brothers, endangering the legitimacy of the dynasty.
  • All parties involved were severely punished, and King Philip IV's daughters-in-law were locked in porai and skinned alive by pichabrava knights.

End of Capeta Dynasty

  • The death of King Philip IV marked the beginning of a period of crisis that ended with the Capeta Dynasty.
Video description

En el siglo XIII, el reinado de Luis IX de Francia, conocido como San Luis, marcó el apogeo del poder monárquico capeto y de la devoción religiosa del reino. En este vídeo exploramos el llamado "Siglo de San Luis", su participación en las últimas cruzadas, las reformas del Estado y el ocaso de la dinastía capeta directa a comienzos del siglo XIV. Luis IX (1226–1270) fue un rey profundamente piadoso, justo y respetado, que impulsó una política de centralización, promovió la justicia real frente a la feudal, y consolidó la autoridad monárquica. A nivel internacional, encabezó dos expediciones conocidas como las Cruzadas Menores: la Séptima Cruzada (1248–1254), en la que fue capturado en Egipto, y la Octava Cruzada (1270), en la que murió cerca de Túnez. A pesar de sus fracasos militares, su figura quedó asociada al ideal del rey cristiano y fue canonizado poco después de su muerte. Tras su reinado, la dinastía capeta continuó con sus hijos y nietos, pero las muertes sucesivas de Luis X, Juan I, Felipe V y Carlos IV, todos sin herederos varones, llevaron al fin de la línea capeta directa en 1328. Esto abrió el camino a la dinastía Valois, pero también a las reclamaciones del trono por parte de Inglaterra, lo que desembocaría en la larga y sangrienta Guerra de los Cien Años. 🚀➤Patreon → https://bit.ly/2E3zmkS 🎥➤Canal de Cine → https://bit.ly/2Q2hEmj 🐥➤Twitter → https://bit.ly/2YpvuCh 🖼➤Instagram → https://bit.ly/2JfEXIT 📮➤Facebook → https://bit.ly/2JBaMeK 🔏➤Mi Blog → https://bit.ly/2HgsRvI #Historia #EdadMedia #Documental EPISODIO 98 de PERO ESO ES OTRA HISTORIA (web serie documental) FRANCIA MEDIEVAL 5: El Siglo de San Luis, las Cruzadas Menores y el fin de los Capetos 0:00 Introducción. 0:18 La 4° Cruzada (1199-1204) 2:49 Capetos vs Plantagenet (1204-1214) 7:04 Las Cruzadas contra los Cátaros (1209-1244) 10:46 La 5° Cruzada (1217-1221) 12:22 El Reinado de San Luis (1222-1270) 20:23 Felipe IV el Hermoso y la Caída de los Capetos (1270-1328) El resto de cruzadas a partir de la cuarta fueron un despropósito total en su mayoría, ninguna sirvió para mucho. En la 4º los cruzados destruyeron Constantinopla y dividieron el Imperio Bizantino en el Imperio Latino y el Imperio de Nicea. En la Francia medieval de Felipe Augusto comenzaron las hostias contra los Plantagenet, quienes habían ocupado media Francia debido al matrimonio con Leonor de Aquitania. Ricardo Corazón de León había muerto y Juan sin Tierra vio cómo Felipe II le quitaba Normandía, Maine, Anjou, Turena y Poitou tras la Batalla de Bouvines de 1214. Después llegó la cruzada contra los cátaros en el sur de Francia, llamada albigense, y en 1212 se dice que hubo una cruzada de los niños aunque no está demostrado. La 5º y 6º cruzada no tuvieron el apoyo francés, aunque la segunda logró recuperar Jerusalén, aunque no duró demasiado. San Luis, o Luis IX de Francia, fue uno de los más grandes reyes capetos. París quedó acojonante, se construyó la Santa Capilla, y cientos de iglesias góticas por todas partes. También continuó la guerra contra Inglaterra, la Guerra de Saintonge (1242), que dejó a los ingleses con menos condaditos en Francia. San Luis se metió en dos cruzadas. En la 7º acabó preso tras la Batalla de Mansura, y en la 8º acabó muerto por la peste en Túnez. Su hermano, Carlos de Anjou, acabó como rey de Sicilia y de Nápoles, pero eso es otra historia. El último gran rey capeto fue Felipe IV el Hermoso, quien intentó recuperar Guyena a los ingleses. También tuvo bronca con Flandes tras los Maitines de Brujas (1302) y con el papa Bonifacio VIII en el ultraje de Anagni. Se acabó con la orden del Temple, los Templarios, y antes de morir este rey ocurrió el escándalo de la Torre de Nesle. Sus hijos se pelearon por el poder y eso acabó con la dinastía de los Valois en el poder de Francia. --------------- Pero eso es otra Historia es una serie documental semanal emitida a través de Youtube que busca ser un resumen divertido de toda la historia de la humanidad, desde la creación de la Tierra hasta la actualidad. Si buscas curiosidades sobre la Historia, este es tu sitio. Si eres estudiante de historia o estás haciendo las oposiciones para geografía e historia estos resúmenes te van a venir genial. No te olvides de compartirlos con tus compañeros. Resúmenes para la carrera de Historia, resúmenes UNED, resúmenes para selectividad, esquemas, gráficos, animaciones, mapas, ilustraciones... todo lo que necesitas para aprobar.