SAILER Sistemas híbridos, estratificación y ACS higiénica

Introduction to Hybrid Stratification Systems

Overview of the Masterclass

• The session begins with a greeting, indicating it is a masterclass focused on hybrid stratification systems and hygienic water systems from the manufacturer Seiler.

• This class is part of an international master's program in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) with energy efficiency as a key theme.

Master's Program Details

• Diego Besada introduces himself as the director of the master's programs and briefly outlines their focus areas.

• The first master's program specializes in thermal load calculations, HVAC installations, and energy simulation for buildings.

• A second master's program covers broader topics including climate installations but does not specialize as deeply in HVAC.

Accreditation and Enrollment Information

• Both master's programs offer dual accreditation from Zigurat and the University of Barcelona.

• New editions of these programs will commence in November 2020; inquiries can be directed to technical advisors for more information.

Transition to Presentation by Pablo Docampo

Introduction to Pablo Docampo

• Diego hands over the presentation to Pablo Docampo from Tela, who represents Seiler in Spain.

Presentation Structure by Pablo Docampo

Breakdown of Topics Covered

• Pablo outlines that his presentation will consist of three main blocks:

• Stratification: Discussing legislation around inertia tanks.

• Hygienic Hot Water Production: Focusing on how their systems operate without storing sanitary water.

• Hybrid Systems: Analyzing combinations of different energy sources within one installation.

Understanding Stratification Systems

Functionality Overview

• The systems are designed based on a philosophy where carbon steel tanks work with any heat generator while producing hot sanitary water through external stations.

• When there is demand for hot water, it activates circulation between the station and inertia tank.

Visual Explanation

• A video demonstration shows how various energy sources interact within a domestic setup using conventional gas boilers combined with solar installations.

Operational Mechanics of Energy Extraction

Energy Loading Process

• The loading process occurs from top to bottom based on temperature gradients; higher temperatures are stored at the top while cooler water returns from heating elements like radiators.

• During extraction, energy is drawn from the upper part of the tank while cooling occurs towards the bottom.

This structured approach provides clarity on both educational offerings related to HVAC systems and specific operational insights into hybrid stratification technologies presented during this masterclass.

Overview of Biomass Heating Systems

Components and Functionality

• The discussion begins with the components of a biomass heating system, including a boiler, stove, chimney, and underfloor heating. The return line is highlighted as crucial for maintaining lower temperatures in the system.

System Efficiency

• Various systems can operate with different input and output points simultaneously. For instance, if a pool is included in the installation, calculations can be made to utilize residual heat from solar thermal or photovoltaic energy.

Advantages of Stratified Systems

• The advantages of stratified systems are analyzed across three main areas: efficiency, versatility, and durability. They allow optimal balancing of energy sources connected to a hydraulic unit.

Hydraulic Balancing

• A basic schematic illustrates how solar thermal energy connects at the bottom of the equipment while sanitary hot water production lines and heating circuits (like radiators) are hydraulically balanced to reduce instantaneous power requirements.

Performance Improvement

• Certified equipment enhances performance for low-temperature sources such as solar thermal energy and condensing boilers by keeping storage tanks as cool as possible.

Solar Collector Performance

• The performance curve of a solar collector is discussed concerning varying radiation levels. Higher efficiency occurs at lower external temperatures due to better transformation rates from radiation to heat.

Heat Pump Efficiency

• Similar principles apply to heat pumps; lower condensation temperatures yield greater environmental energy gains and improved performance ratios.

Condensation Conditions

• A basic diagram shows conditions for condensing boilers operating at 60°C inlet temperature and 25°C return temperature. Maximum condensation occurs when return temperatures remain low.

Versatility in Energy Sources

• Stratified systems allow integration of various energy sources like heat pumps, solar thermal systems, and cogeneration solutions for projects involving hot water supply or heating/cooling needs.

Example Installation Case Study

• An example from a tourist complex demonstrates combining multiple technologies—solar thermal systems, heat pumps, and chillers—into one comprehensive installation that efficiently recovers energy through diverse methods.

Durability Considerations

• These systems operate on closed circuits minimizing corrosion risks. Maintenance accessibility is emphasized to prevent issues commonly seen in traditional setups where components become dirty over time.

Techniques for Maintaining Stratification

• Techniques used to maintain stratification within the system are introduced. Factors disrupting stratification include flow rate changes or temperature variations within storage tanks leading to inefficiencies in heat retention.

Temperature Management in Thermal Systems

Challenges with Temperature Design Conditions

• The mixing of extracts within the tank leads to an average temperature organization, resulting in failure to meet design temperature conditions in installations.

• A proposed solution involves increasing system temperature; however, this is limited by the inability to supply energy at low temperatures.

Solutions for Maintaining Stratification

• Stratifying elements are designed based on return flow rates; disruptions occur when flow through reactors breaks stratification.

• A patented element slows and fragments return flow, preventing contamination and ensuring mixing occurs only within the stratified element.

Importance of Cold Lower Tank Sections

• Keeping the lower part of the tank cold is crucial for heat pumps to operate efficiently with low condensation temperatures.

• High temperatures from solar thermal systems can exacerbate mixing issues, leading back to previous problems with stratification.

Advanced Stratification Techniques

• Solutions include using deflectors that fragment flow and promote proper thermal layering based on temperature differences.

• A thermal chimney effect utilizes density differences due to temperature variations to facilitate effective heat distribution within the system.

Comparative Analysis of Technologies

• Laboratory measurements compare conventional coil tanks with stratified systems, highlighting efficiency in achieving desired heating profiles.

• The study shows that our technology achieves a 90-degree angle of stratification compared to other technologies' angles of 45 or 0 degrees.

Efficiency Metrics and Outcomes

• Different technologies yield varying amounts of useful energy; our focus is on how quickly usable heat can be accessed from each system.

• Improved stratification results in faster heating times and reduced energy consumption compared to traditional mixed tanks.

Summary of Stratification Techniques

• Our patented stratification techniques involve sensors placed at different heights for optimal loading from top down while maintaining cold lower sections.

• Various types of tanks exist, including standardized and custom options tailored for specific applications like cold heat storage or external production.

Overview of Boiler Room Design and Water Heating Systems

Versatility in Boiler Room Design

• The construction of a boiler room for a building in Vigo with 46 apartments showcases the adaptability of design, utilizing an 80-milliliter tank tailored to specific height requirements.

• In larger buildings, such as one with 70 apartments, tanks are designed with connections for heat pumps and heating circuits, demonstrating the need for customized solutions based on building size.

Equipment Specifications and Installation

• The installation includes two gas boilers (35 kW each) alongside a system generating 150 kW, emphasizing the importance of legal compliance regarding power ratings.

• A unique tank design was created from an old restroom space, highlighting innovative use of limited physical space in existing structures.

Advantages of Hot Water Systems

• Discusses the benefits of stratification techniques used in hot water systems which enhance efficiency and durability while preventing issues like sediment buildup.

• Maintenance challenges arise when dealing with older sanitary water tanks that may harbor dirt and bacteria, stressing the importance of regular upkeep to mitigate risks like Legionella.

Types of External Production Systems

• Two main types of external production systems are identified: those using stainless steel coils versus other external production stations; each serves different operational needs.

• The necessity for higher temperatures and power availability is highlighted for certain systems compared to others that operate efficiently at lower temperatures.

Performance Considerations

• When discussing hygienic production systems, it’s crucial to maintain adequate temperature throughout the coil to ensure effective operation.

• Differences between storage capacities in various systems affect performance; increasing either temperature or volume can optimize output depending on system design.

Pros and Cons of Different Heating Solutions

• Instantaneous production systems have advantages such as fewer mechanical parts leading to lower installation costs but require careful consideration regarding maintenance and potential repairs.

• While these systems perform well under certain conditions (e.g., low mineral content), they also face limitations related to volume capacity and repairability if components fail.

External Stations and Their Components

Installation Costs vs. Benefits

• External stations with pumps and electronic components incur higher installation costs but offer benefits such as reduced volume, lower storage temperatures, and easier maintenance.

Water Production Solutions

• Water production solutions range from 20 to 800 liters per minute, requiring analysis of peak flow rates for each specific case.

Equipment Selection for Large Installations

• Installations exceeding 250-300 liters per minute are uncommon but necessary for large hotels; redundancy is often achieved through dual pump systems.

Operational Schematics of Simple Stations

Primary Circuit Functionality

• A simple station operates with a primary circuit pump and a recirculation pump that activates based on water demand, modulating flow according to sanitary water needs and temperature conditions.

Pre-Mixing Systems

• Pre-mixing systems are used in installations above 60-65 degrees Celsius to prevent scale buildup in heat exchangers by mixing return water with primary supply.

Advanced Installation Techniques

Recirculation Strategies

• In high-use recirculation lines, using a bypass valve can help stratify the system more effectively by directing hotter returns back into the equipment.

Dual Pump Systems for Precision Modulation

• Larger installations may utilize two primary pumps to achieve more precise modulation at low flow rates compared to single-pump setups.

Redundancy and Efficiency in Design

Cascade Kits for Redundancy

• Cascade kits are common in installations with smaller tanks (60 or 100 liters), allowing partial production while ensuring redundancy if one unit fails.

Minimizing Recirculation Costs

• Effective control of return temperature minimizes operational hours of the recirculation pump, which is crucial for reducing energy costs associated with circulation systems.

Dimensioning Stations According to Codes

Compliance with Technical Codes

• When dimensioning stations, building consumption does not directly affect station sizing but influences generator power requirements based on peak flow calculations defined by technical codes.

Peak Flow Calculations

• The use of established formulas helps determine simultaneous flow rates needed for service; external production stations must be sized based on these calculated flows.

Design Conditions and Legionella Compliance

Reference Conditions for Sizing

• Sizing tables start from 20 liters up to 800 liters under reference conditions (60°C/25°C/10°C/45°C), essential for meeting legionella compliance during design phases.

Adjustments Based on Temperature Design

• Adjustments may be necessary when working under legionella compliance conditions; achieving desired output requires careful selection of stations that meet calculated peak flows while maintaining safety standards.

Designing Efficient Heating Systems

Minimum Design Conditions

• The minimum design condition is set at 48, 25, 10, and 45, yielding a capacity of 65 liters per station while maintaining a thermal jump of only 37 grams between primary and secondary systems.

Renewable Energy Compliance

• Current regulations require that 60% of hot water demand must be met with renewable energy sources; this increases to 70% for demands exceeding 5,000 liters.

Heat Pump Efficiency Requirements

• To achieve the required percentage of renewable energy, heat pumps must have a coefficient of performance (COP) greater than 2.5 to ensure that all hot water demand can be satisfied sustainably.

Total Demand Calculations

• The total demand for hot water includes losses from recirculation; achieving a COP of 2.5 allows for generating approximately 600 kW out of the needed total to meet technical code requirements.

Variability in Regulations

• There are inconsistencies across regions regarding compliance with technical codes; different autonomous communities may follow varying standards which complicates uniform application.

Hybrid Systems and Optimization

Importance of Power Optimization

• In hybrid systems, optimizing potential power output is crucial as it directly impacts the profitability and efficiency of installations involving heat pumps.

Cost Considerations in Equipment Investment

• Fixed power terms significantly affect investment costs; each kilowatt represents an annual cost around €87.20, necessitating careful dimensioning based on actual needs rather than traditional boiler metrics.

Operational Guidelines for Heat Pumps

• It is recommended not to exceed operational hours beyond 16 hours daily for heat pump systems to maintain efficiency while allowing some flexibility during peak demands.

Case Study: Hot Water Supply in Residential Buildings

Example Calculation for Housing Units

• For a building with two residences requiring approximately 196 liters per minute at peak flow rates, calculations indicate that a system providing around 25.2 kW would suffice for up to 72 units when using an appropriately sized thermal storage tank.

Thermal Storage Capacity Analysis

• A thermal storage tank with a capacity of about 2000 liters is deemed adequate to support hot water service needs across multiple residential units effectively by balancing supply and demand throughout the day.

Demand Estimation Challenges

Regional Demand Variability

• Demand estimates can vary significantly based on external temperatures and insulation quality; monitoring shows actual needs can exceed initial projections by up to 30%.

Impact on Energy Consumption Predictions

• Accurate predictions regarding energy consumption depend heavily on real-time temperature conditions outside the building, emphasizing the need for adaptive modeling in system designs.

Heating System Design Insights

Understanding Heating Usage and Power Requirements

• The percentage of heating usage hours is crucial; for instance, 70% of the time, only 30% of the building's nominal power is utilized. This data is significant for sizing aerothermal systems in both replacements and new constructions.

• In a case study involving 40 homes (70 square meters each) in a cold zone with regular insulation, applying correction factors leads to a maximum average power requirement of 127 kW. Adjusting for external temperature indicates that 38 kW can cover 70% of energy consumption.

Implications for Energy Efficiency

• A system designed with an initial capacity of around 200 to 300 kW may be excessive when only needing about 38 kW, highlighting substantial differences in energy requirements. For the same building setup, hot water demand could require just 14 kW, totaling approximately 55 kW to meet up to 87% of energy expenses.

• Emphasizing hybrid system design is essential; while energy classification might push towards alternative systems, economically efficient designs should aim for installations that can provide full power coverage while addressing most consumption needs effectively.

Practical Applications and Solutions

• Transitioning into practical examples reveals various combinations of solutions utilizing this technology rather than focusing on specific products—emphasizing adaptable components tailored to installation needs.

Hot Water Production Systems

• An example includes a simple station with pre-mixing using two cascading stations where one acts as master and the other as slave based on demand exceeding 70%. This setup optimizes hot water production alongside solar thermal contributions without requiring dual storage tanks.

• The integration of solar thermal systems necessitates careful planning regarding storage volumes; if solar requires a thousand liters, it must be accounted for separately from auxiliary heating sources like gas boilers to avoid confusion during implementation.

Advanced Installation Techniques

High-Efficiency Systems

• A more complex installation involves dual tanks in cascade configuration where the boiler operates solely on the last unit's output while maintaining efficiency through stratified flow management—allowing high production rates without multiple connection points or valves needed for flow adjustment.

Heat Pump Integration

• Basic setups utilize heat pumps providing both hot water service and space heating by incorporating three-way valves allowing operation at different temperatures depending on project specifications—ensuring effective thermal management across varying demands within the system architecture.

• Proper hydraulic schematics are critical; poor construction could lead to inefficiencies or failures in meeting heating demands due to improper stratification or flow dynamics within the system design framework being employed.

Heating Systems and Temperature Management

Understanding Temperature Dynamics in Heating Systems

• The ideal temperature for effective heating is around 40 degrees Celsius, as higher temperatures (45 degrees) may disrupt the system's efficiency. Maintaining a stable thermal environment is crucial for optimal performance.

• Energy can be effectively contributed to the system at temperatures between 40 and 45 degrees without mixing with other components, ensuring that service temperatures remain consistent at the top of the system. This principle is fundamental in heat pump operations.

• In systems utilizing biomass boilers or pellet boilers, pre-mixing isn't necessary since they typically operate below 60 degrees Celsius, allowing for more straightforward temperature management compared to previous setups.

Integration of Multiple Heating Sources

• A combination of heat pumps with biomass boilers and solar thermal energy can enhance efficiency, particularly when integrated into pool heating systems that utilize existing storage tanks for water heating. This setup exemplifies modern sustainable practices in building design.

• Utilizing a battery of biomass boilers alongside a small heat pump allows for efficient energy contribution during heating campaigns, where the primary goal is to ensure adequate hot water supply while managing base consumption levels effectively.

Cascading Systems and Efficiency

• Implementing two heat pumps within the same installation can create a cascading effect where one unit operates at high capacity while another supports lower demands, optimizing overall system performance by achieving greater temperature differentials (up to 14 degrees).

• Pool climate control requires careful consideration of varying temperature needs; thus, using air batteries that maintain higher operational temperatures ensures efficient circulation throughout the system. This approach maximizes energy use from return flows at similar temperatures.

Diverse Combinations for Optimal Performance

• Various combinations exist for integrating gas oil with solar thermal energy or biomass systems; these configurations allow flexibility in meeting diverse heating requirements across different installations. Each project presents unique challenges and solutions tailored to specific needs.

• When retrofitting buildings with radiators aimed at producing hot water via heat pumps, collaboration between heat pumps and gas oil boilers becomes essential to achieve desired outcomes efficiently while accommodating various designs based on project specifications.

Advanced Modulation Techniques

• Employing condensing boilers alongside heat pumps can optimize lower-temperature operations by enhancing modulation capabilities; this strategy improves overall power management within the system while addressing both sanitary hot water needs and space heating requirements simultaneously.

• The integration of multiple heat sources—such as two heat pumps working together with an auxiliary boiler—can significantly improve winter performance by maintaining consistent operation across all components involved in both heating circuits and storage tanks, leading to better energy management strategies overall.

Energy Recovery Systems in HVAC

Overview of Energy Recovery Solutions

• The discussion begins with a focus on systems that utilize both heating and cooling, highlighting the use of two heat pumps along with cold and hot water tanks to maintain efficiency without constant cycling.

• It is noted that energy recovery can be achieved from sources like freezers or condensers, which allows for efficient thermal inertia management within the system.

• A geothermic solution is introduced, emphasizing its effectiveness in utilizing a 300-meter layer for energy recovery during summer months, reducing hydraulic installation complexity.

Practical Applications and Control Systems

• The presentation mentions integrating various technologies such as boilers, heat pumps, and solar thermal systems into a cohesive energy management strategy.

• Emphasis is placed on control systems that can manage up to 40% of fixed costs related to energy consumption by optimizing recirculation and pump operations based on temperature differentials.

Load Management and Efficiency Indicators

• Understanding load profiles is crucial; it allows for better control over how energy is consumed and managed within the system.

• The concept of variable load management through thermal inertia is discussed, indicating that not all loads require immediate response depending on time-of-day usage patterns.

• Efficient management of multiple energy sources (boilers, heat pumps) ensures optimal performance across all components while minimizing waste.

Monitoring and Optimization Strategies

• Real-time monitoring of electrical power consumption becomes essential for installations combining photovoltaic systems with heating solutions to optimize machine loading based on surplus energy availability.

• Data collection from various points in the system aids in determining actual energy performance metrics, allowing for improved financial assessments regarding energy expenditures.

Conclusion and Future Engagement

• The speaker concludes by inviting questions from participants while expressing hope that the information shared was clear despite the rapid pace of delivery.

• An invitation to engage further via email for additional information or clarification indicates an openness to continued dialogue beyond this session.

• Regular master classes are mentioned as part of ongoing educational efforts in areas related to HVAC installations among other engineering disciplines.

• A question arises about recommendations for installations under 70 kilowatts; it's clarified there are no strict rules but considerations around legal requirements may apply.

Discussion on Heating Systems and Technologies

Overview of Boiler Systems and Heat Pumps

• The discussion begins with a reference to a project involving kilowatt specifications for boiler rooms, highlighting the importance of understanding power requirements in heating systems.

• Clarification is sought regarding the distinction between projects involving boilers under 70 kilowatts and their implications for project design.

Investment Considerations in Energy Systems

• A question arises about the percentage increase in investment based on project scale, indicating that larger systems typically incur higher costs due to additional equipment.

• It is noted that while these advanced systems may have higher initial installation costs, they can be more competitive over time when considering maintenance and operational efficiency.

Efficiency of Heat Pumps vs. Condensing Boilers

• The conversation shifts to when it is advisable to use heat pumps versus condensing boilers, emphasizing that decisions should be based on budget constraints and project specifics.

• Compliance with new technical codes is discussed as a factor influencing the choice of heating solutions, particularly focusing on energy efficiency.

Technological Advancements in Heating Solutions

• The implementation timeline for this technology spans over 25 years, with significant advancements occurring recently due to improvements in electronic circulation pumps.

• The introduction of variable flow pumps has enhanced system modulation capabilities, marking a shift towards more efficient water production methods.

Regional Adoption and Reliability of Technologies

• There’s mention of how this technology originated from Northern Europe and is gradually spreading southward, reflecting a broader trend in energy solutions across regions.

• While these systems are highly reliable and efficient, the initial investment can sometimes exceed conventional technologies by significant margins.

Conclusion and Open Questions

• As the session wraps up, participants are encouraged to reach out via email for further inquiries or clarifications regarding the discussed technologies.