👨‍🌾🔬 Aplicaciones del Ácido Hipocloroso en Agricultura

Name: 👨🌾🔬 Aplicaciones del Ácido Hipocloroso en Agricultura
Uploaded: 2026-02-04T13:29:36.000Z
Duration: 6 h 32 min 39 s

Welcome and Introduction

Opening Remarks by Ramón Hill

Ramón Hill welcomes attendees to the event, apologizing for delays caused by weather conditions affecting traffic.

He acknowledges both in-person participants and those following via streaming, expressing gratitude for their presence.

Introduces key figures: Juan Carlos Vázquez (Director of Technological Innovation at Fundación Grupo Cajamar) and Greg (Technical Director of Acuaactiva).

Significance of the Event

Highlights the importance of the day's theme related to disinfection, noting previous events on similar topics.

Mentions the 50th anniversary of their institution and the new building housing various research lines focused on food, health, circular economy, and biology.

Overview of Cajamarín Nova

Introduction to Cajamarín Nova

Juan Carlos Vázquez engages with attendees about their familiarity with Cajamarín Nova, emphasizing its role as an incubator for innovative projects.

Explains that Cajamarín Nova aims to support entrepreneurs with ideas related to water, agriculture, and food technology.

Achievements and Goals

Describes efforts over five years in fostering innovation through rigorous business planning and strategy development for startups.

Notes collaboration with 95 technological companies through various convocations focusing on water technologies and agrotech.

Acuaactiva's Journey

Background Information

Greg introduces himself as a partner from Acuaactiva, sharing his background from Brittany, France.

Acknowledgment of Support

Expresses gratitude towards Cajamar for providing opportunities that have facilitated Acuaactiva's growth over eight years through multiple accelerators.

Cajamar's Role in the Agro-Food Sector

Introduction to Cajamar

The speaker emphasizes Cajamar's unique position within the agro-food sector, highlighting its strong identification and relevance in this field.

They express gratitude for the tailored support received from Cajamar, which has been more than just a typical accelerator; it has provided essential collaboration opportunities.

Presentation of Technology

The speaker introduces a diverse team presenting hypochlorous acid technology, including members from various European countries such as France, Poland, and Italy.

Acknowledgment is given to Antonio Mencerrá Delgado, an expert in plant health who will provide insights into integrated pest management.

Integrated Pest Management Insights

Overview of Plant Diseases

Antonio Mencerrá begins with an introduction to vegetable diseases, noting that there are numerous types that could be discussed extensively.

He outlines integrated pest management (IPM), which consists of three main pillars: prevention, non-chemical tools (biological control), and justified use of pesticides.

Understanding Pests and Diseases

Effective pest management requires knowledge about pests or diseases, their biology, behavior in crops, and environmental factors influencing their development.

Factors affecting crop damage include population levels of pathogens and abiotic conditions like humidity and temperature.

Factors Influencing Crop Health

Importance of Root Development

The speaker discusses how root development is crucial for crop health and is influenced by soil characteristics and irrigation practices.

Emphasis is placed on understanding microbial communities in soil that play significant roles in nutrient release and bioprotection against pathogens.

Bioprotection Mechanisms

Microorganisms can protect crops either passively by occupying space on roots or actively by combating pathogens directly.

Biological Control and Pathogen Management in Soil

Understanding Biological Control Mechanisms

The concept of biological control extends beyond arthropods to include microorganisms in the soil that can compete with or prey on other fungi and pathogens.

Plant defense mechanisms can be induced at both root and foliar levels, enhancing resilience against diseases caused by pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses.

Identifying Pathogens Affecting Crops

Key pathogens impacting crops include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; understanding their presence is crucial for effective management.

It is essential to know how these pathogens survive in the soil and how they can spread to previously unaffected areas.

Characteristics of Fungi as Pathogens

Fungi exhibit a remarkable ability to disperse through millions of spores carried by wind or rainwater, making them highly adaptable.

Their rapid reproduction rates lead to quick adaptation and potential resistance development against control measures implemented in crops.

Focus on Botrytis: A Common Fungal Threat

Botrytis is a polyphagous fungus affecting various crops; it typically infects weakened tissues rather than healthy ones.

This necrotrophic fungus feeds on dead cells while releasing toxins that kill neighboring cells, facilitating its spread.

Conditions Favoring Botrytis Development

Optimal conditions for Botrytis growth include high humidity following cold periods with short days and low light exposure after rainfall.

Infection often begins at sites of tissue damage such as broken leaves or flowers that have not shed properly.

Prevention Strategies Against Botrytis

Effective prevention involves minimizing inoculum levels in the field by maintaining cleanliness and managing plant health proactively.

Strategies for Disease Management in Crop Cultivation

Importance of Environmental Conditions

The presence of diseases in crops is heavily influenced by environmental conditions, which can vary significantly based on episodes of favorable weather.

Effective prevention includes using healthy plant tissues and managing nitrogen levels to avoid excessive growth that could lead to disease susceptibility.

Techniques for Reducing Disease Risk

Solarization is highlighted as the most effective method for reducing pathogen inoculum in a field, particularly against diseases like botrytis.

In regions such as Almería and Murcia, favorable conditions for disease outbreaks are rare; thus, maintaining cleanliness in fields can prevent issues during these episodes.

Impact of Plant Material Quality

The quality of seedlings is crucial; infections like botrytis can be introduced from contaminated seedlings, emphasizing the need for careful sourcing.

Proper greenhouse design and ventilation systems play a significant role in preventing humidity-related problems that contribute to disease spread.

Best Practices for Pruning and Maintenance

Pruning should be done under ideal weather conditions to minimize the risk of introducing pathogens through open wounds on plants.

Clean cuts during pruning are essential; leaving small pieces can become entry points for diseases like botrytis.

Challenges with Chemical Treatments

The availability of effective chemical treatments has diminished over time, making it more challenging to manage diseases effectively.

Emphasis is placed on integrating biological products into management strategies while recognizing their limitations compared to conventional options.

Understanding Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial issues tend to be less frequent but can become problematic under specific humid conditions or poor greenhouse designs that promote moisture retention.

Certain bacteria may remain dormant until environmental conditions allow them to proliferate rapidly, highlighting the importance of monitoring moisture levels.

Managing Soil Health and Disease Control in Agriculture

Importance of Soil Management

Maintaining relatively cool temperatures is crucial for preventing soil-borne diseases, as infected stems touching the ground can increase inoculum levels.

The presence of weeds or other plants can harbor bacteria; hygiene measures are essential to reduce bacterial presence, which can also enter through seeds.

Pathways for Bacterial Infection

Bacteria can be activated by changes in climatic conditions that favor their growth, such as liquid water and cooler temperatures.

Minimizing inoculum levels is vital; solarization effectively eliminates pathogenic bacteria from the soil.

Solarization Technique

Solarization is a selective disinfection method that kills pathogens while allowing beneficial decomposers to survive, leading to healthier soils.

This technique helps create suppressive soils by maintaining beneficial organisms that thrive under higher temperatures and low oxygen conditions.

Risk Management Strategies

It’s important to minimize favorable conditions for disease outbreaks; significant bacterial issues in crops like tomatoes occur infrequently (every 10–13 years).

In high-risk areas, using resistant varieties and appropriate disinfectants can help manage potential outbreaks.

Challenges with Viral Diseases

Viruses are complex entities that rely on host machinery for replication; they pose significant challenges due to their simplicity yet complexity in management.

Numerous viruses affect various crops (e.g., cucurbits, tomatoes), necessitating a thorough understanding of transmission mechanisms.

Transmission Mechanisms of Viruses

Viruses can spread through seeds, plant material, insects (like whiteflies), or even contact with certain fungi.

Detecting contaminated seeds is nearly impossible due to the vast number of seeds entering regions like Almería each year.

Specific Case: Tomato Rugose Virus

The tomato rugose virus is highly stable and persistent, surviving extreme temperatures and remaining viable in fields without crops for over two years.

Understanding Virus Symptoms in Plants

Factors Influencing Symptoms

The symptoms of plant viruses are complex and depend on various factors, including the plant variety, timing of infection, and presence of other coexisting viruses.

A virus may be present without causing symptoms due to the resistance of certain varieties; however, symptoms could arise from competing viruses.

Sources of Infection

Initial infection sources can be external (from outside plants or materials) or internal (from existing infected plants within a parcel).

External sources include contaminated plant material, workers' clothing and tools, machinery, and insects. Preventative measures involve ensuring cleanliness in nurseries and disinfecting tools.

Internal Contamination Risks

Internal contamination often comes from residual plant matter in the soil or host weeds that harbor viruses.

It is challenging to prevent internal contamination; however, understanding how primary infection foci develop is crucial for management.

Transmission Dynamics in Plant Viruses

Rapid Spread Mechanisms

The spread of viral infections within a parcel occurs rapidly through agricultural practices such as staking, pruning, and harvesting.

Infected plants can remain asymptomatic for a period while still being infectious; handling these plants increases transmission risk.

Indicators of Transmission Risk

The extent to which workers get contaminated during tasks indicates the likelihood of virus transmission; more contamination suggests higher risk.

Prevention Strategies

Effective strategies include disinfecting tools regularly—especially when working with young crops—and compartmentalizing areas to limit cross-contamination.

Role of Pollinators and Disinfectants

Pollinator Impact on Virus Spread

While pollinators like bees can theoretically transmit viruses by breaking trichomes on infected plants, their role in overall virus spread is minimal compared to agricultural practices.

Disinfectant Efficacy

Various disinfectants exist with differing effectiveness based on concentration and exposure time; common solutions include bleach mixed with detergent for tool sanitation.

Recommendations for Disinfection Practices

Regular disinfection is recommended primarily for tools rather than structures unless transitioning between different crops close together.

Understanding Soil Disinfection and Virus Management in Agriculture

The Efficacy of Soil Disinfection

The time interval between plantings is generally sufficient, making disinfection of structures unnecessary. Soil and substrate disinfection has limited effectiveness due to challenges in penetrating the main root systems, such as that of tomatoes.

Certain products used for disinfection can generate harmful metabolites or disrupt soil microbiota, necessitating careful study before application.

Virus Detection and Infectivity Testing

A positive virus detection in samples does not guarantee the virus is infectious; methods like Elisa detect proteins without confirming viral viability. PCR detects RNA fragments but does not confirm infectivity.

Numerous experiments on solarization, fallowing, and crop rotation indicate no method guarantees 100% elimination of soil inoculum, leaving potential primary infection sources in new plantings.

Contamination Risks and Mitigation Strategies

Contaminations from infected soil residues to new plants are rare (1 in 100 to 1 in 1000), but even a single infected plant can lead to widespread issues.

Long fallow periods (4-5 months) free from weeds significantly reduce inoculum levels and subsequent risks for future crops. Solarization effectively diminishes the infectivity of various pathogens present in the soil.

Challenges with Solarization Techniques

Incomplete solarization can leave areas unsterilized, particularly near edges where plastic may not seal properly, creating potential hotspots for virus resurgence.

After some time, viruses tend to persist mainly in plant debris rather than inert materials. Crop rotations must be managed carefully to avoid reintroducing viruses through volunteer plants or weeds.

Resistance Varieties: Confusion and Complexity

There is confusion regarding resistant varieties; while some perform well against viruses, they may have poor yields or post-harvest quality. Resistance varies widely among different cultivars.

Genetic resistance can diminish over time due to stress conditions or the emergence of new viral strains. Monogenic resistances are particularly susceptible to breakdown under these pressures.

General Conclusions on Viral Management

The discussed virus is complex, easily spreadable, and highly persistent within plant debris; its presence remains indefinite if host plants are alive nearby.

No singular solution exists for managing this virus; integrated strategies tailored to specific agricultural conditions are essential for reducing infection sources effectively.

Strategies for Managing Plant Pathogens

Minimizing Inoculum Levels

Focus on minimizing inoculum levels within the cultivation area to prevent entry through personnel and reduce secondary transmission risks.

Emphasize that pests and diseases do not arise spontaneously; they either originate from within the parcel or are introduced externally.

Importance of Reducing Inoculum Pressure

Lowering inoculum levels is crucial as it reduces pressure on crops, facilitating easier management and significantly lowering risks.

Solarization is highlighted as an effective strategy against a wide range of diseases, alongside measures to prevent external pathogen entry.

Conditions Favoring Pathogen Development

Pathogens require specific conditions (humidity, temperature, crop type) to thrive; thus, managing these factors is essential for disease control.

Improving greenhouse design and reducing humidity can help mitigate issues like botrytis and bacterial infections.

Plant Sensitivity and Resistance

The sensitivity of plants to pathogens varies greatly; efforts should focus on using genetically resistant varieties while ensuring proper management practices.

Avoid neglecting treatment of resistant varieties under favorable conditions for disease development; consistent care is necessary.

Collective Action Against Pathogens

Collaborative actions at the community level can significantly reduce regional pathogen problems; neglected parcels can facilitate disease spread.

Healthy agricultural practices across a collective will lower overall risk and enhance control systems' effectiveness.

Impact on Post-Harvest Quality

Good phytosanitary conditions during cultivation directly affect post-harvest quality, with healthy crops showing less incidence of diseases like botrytis in strawberries or alternaria in tomatoes.

Strategic Implementation Without Increased Costs

Implementing appropriate strategic measures does not necessarily incur higher costs but requires better knowledge dissemination and execution of best practices.

Common Sense in Problem Solving

Maintaining common sense when addressing plant health issues is vital. Experience shows that well-executed strategies lead to quicker resolutions compared to poorly managed ones.

Agricultural Challenges and Solutions

The Role of Reliable Information in Agriculture

Farmers often receive misleading information about agricultural products, which can exacerbate their challenges. It's crucial to consult reliable sources for guidance on pest management strategies.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies

There are no magical solutions in agriculture; instead, effective strategies and tools must be integrated into a comprehensive pest management program at both the individual farm and community levels. Collaboration among farmers is essential for success.

Introduction of Greg's Presentation

Greg, the technical director of Acuaactiva, will discuss the applications and benefits of hypochlorous acid in pre-harvest and post-harvest processes. He emphasizes the importance of addressing current agricultural challenges.

Current Agricultural Challenges

Rising production costs (labor, inputs, energy) create pressure on farmers to increase productivity while facing more diseases and fewer authorized products available for use due to EU regulations. This situation leads to increased competition from countries with less stringent standards.

The Concept of Biomimicry

Biomimicry involves solving human problems by emulating nature's solutions, highlighting that nature has developed effective technologies over millions of years. Examples include high-speed trains inspired by kingfisher beaks and Velcro based on plant structures.

Hypochlorous Acid: A Natural Solution

Hypochlorous acid is produced naturally by white blood cells in mammals, making it an effective disinfectant that poses minimal risk to health or the environment. It significantly reduces pathogens without creating resistance—a major concern in modern agriculture.

Benefits of Hypochlorous Acid in Agriculture

This compound is highly effective against various pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses), achieving significant reductions quickly compared to traditional disinfectants like sodium hypochlorite. Additionally, it aligns with zero-residue requirements for food safety standards within the agro-food sector.

Production of Ultra-Pure Hypochlorous Acid

Cost-Effective Production Method

The production process utilizes only water and salt, resulting in very low costs while enhancing crop productivity and reducing expenses for agro-food companies.

A patented state-of-the-art electrolysis technology is employed to produce ultra-pure hypochlorous acid (HClO) at 99% purity using just H2O and NaCl.

Equipment and Process Requirements

The installation includes a simple setup resembling an electrical panel with a brine tank; water must be demineralized to ensure the purity of the hypochlorous acid produced.

pH control is crucial for both water treatment and foliar applications, with optimal results achieved at a semi-acidic pH of around 5.5.

Efficiency and Toxicity Considerations

At higher pH levels, there is significantly more hypochlorite present, which is toxic; lowering the pH enhances efficiency by producing more hypochlorous acid instead.

Compared to other disinfection technologies like chlorine or chlorine dioxide, hypochlorous acid offers zero residual effects with minimal maintenance costs.

Efficacy Against Microorganisms

Analytical Results

Certified laboratory analyses demonstrate that the technology effectively eliminates resistant bacteria, viruses, and fungi within minutes.

For instance, over 99.999% reduction in fungal pathogens was achieved within five minutes of contact time.

Applications in Agriculture

Key applications include foliar treatments and irrigation systems where hypochlorous acid acts as a biostimulant while eliminating biofilm in irrigation pipes.

It can also disinfect soils and seeds effectively when used at higher doses.

Innovative Use in Greenhouses

Unique Product Development

A unique product has been developed that stabilizes hypochlorous acid with minerals to enhance its effectiveness against thermal stress during summer months.

Safe Application Techniques

Direct nebulization of hypochlorous acid can be performed safely at concentrations up to 80 ppm without causing toxicity issues for plants or workers.

Comprehensive Hygiene Solutions

Nebulization not only replaces foliar treatments but also sanitizes greenhouse structures where pathogens may hide. Fine mist application (20–30 microns) ensures thorough coverage.

Greenhouse Automation and Virus Control

Automation in Greenhouses

The introduction of micro-systems allows for critical points in greenhouses to be automated, significantly reducing labor through solution preparation and 100% automation.

A complex virus known as the rugose virus lacks a singular solution; however, a laboratory in Poland demonstrated that it can reduce the virus by three logarithms (99.9% reduction) using specific tools.

Treatment Efficacy

Recent treatments showed complete elimination of symptoms on leaves and fruits, achieving 100% virus removal from surfaces through automated nebulization techniques.

Concerns regarding Rhizoctonia and Pseudomonas prompted the use of an automated cannon for foliar applications, avoiding issues with drift associated with traditional products.

Drone Applications

Drones are utilized for applying non-toxic products like hypochlorous acid, which is advantageous due to legal restrictions on standard pesticides and their effectiveness at low application rates.

The drone's ability to operate under challenging conditions (e.g., wet soil) provides flexibility in application timing compared to traditional machinery.

Importance of pH Levels

Maintaining pH levels between 5.5 and 6.5 is crucial for optimizing the oxidation potential of applied products, ensuring maximum efficacy during treatment processes.

Post-Harvest Applications

Acid Hypochlorous Usage

Acid hypochlorous is primarily used for treating water in washing systems for fruits and vegetables, effectively replacing problematic chlorinated compounds that lead to contamination issues.

This product eliminates perchlorates entirely while significantly reducing chlorates, thus complying with stringent regulations affecting agricultural exports.

Enhancing Product Shelf Life

Acid hypochlorous can be applied just before harvest without leaving residues, extending the shelf life of produce by up to two days post-harvest.

Cleaning Processes Optimization

The implementation of this technology can reduce chemical usage by up to 90%, simplifying cleaning processes while eliminating hazardous waste associated with traditional disinfectants.

Efficiency Improvements

Labor Reduction and Cost Efficiency

Simplified processes allow for a significant reduction in labor time by half due to less complicated procedures that do not require rinsing after disinfection.

Environmental Impact Considerations

The use of non-toxic solutions minimizes environmental risks associated with chemical exposure while maintaining high standards for food safety during washing operations.

Agroalimentario Applications of Hypochlorous Acid

Overview of Hypochlorous Acid in Hygiene

The use of hypochlorous acid creates a dense mist under 10 microns, allowing for suspension for up to three hours, effectively sanitizing surfaces and critical points in food production facilities.

Automation is possible with this method, eliminating the need for manual labor. However, regulatory challenges exist as health authorities do not recognize its safety despite practical evidence.

Efficacy Against Pathogens

Studies demonstrated that hypochlorous acid can eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in under two minutes at doses significantly lower than traditional bleach, proving safe for human exposure.

The technology has applications in wastewater treatment, transforming waste into a resource suitable for irrigation in greenhouses.

Applications in Agriculture and Livestock

In livestock management, hypochlorous acid is used for disinfecting drinking water and acts as a bio-stimulant to enhance growth.

It is validated for use even in hospital settings like operating rooms due to its high efficiency without residual effects.

Regulatory Considerations

Emphasis on compliance with health regulations is crucial; products must be registered with the Ministry of Health to ensure safety and efficacy across various sectors including agriculture and veterinary care.

Innovative Solutions from Poland: Enhancing Plant Resilience

Introduction by Miroslavy

Miroslavy introduces himself as a representative from Poland discussing ecological solutions aimed at improving plant resilience against pathogens and environmental stressors.

Company Focus Areas

His companies focus on producing stable hypochlorous acid products for disinfection and biostimulants while providing laboratory services for soil and water analysis.

Monitoring Systems Development

They have developed monitoring systems since 2018 to track diseases, pests, and heat stress which aids growers in optimizing product application strategies.

Research Findings on Plant Protection

Recent discoveries indicate that their products can protect plants from diseases while also helping them cope with heat stress through natural mechanisms.

Practical Applications of Hypochlorous Technology

The product's four main actions include disease elimination, cooling stressed plants, supporting growth without toxicity, thus enhancing overall plant health.

Greenhouse Innovations in Plant Disease Management

Effective Use of Agreca Protect

In Poland's National Institute of Heart Culture, researchers successfully eliminated the need for spraying against certain pathogens.

Significant results were observed on Clavibacter michiganensis, Pectobacterium, and Pseudomonas infections, particularly affecting pears.

Increasing the dosage of Agreca Protect allowed hypochlorous acid to penetrate plant tissues via stomata, effectively combating diseases like Botrytis.

Challenges with Systemic Diseases

Despite using fungicides, systemic issues persist in pink tomatoes due to internal fungal infections; external treatments alone are insufficient.

The presence of powdery mildew and Alternaria on cucumbers highlights ongoing challenges with systemic diseases such as Pseudomonas and Fusarium.

Research Findings on Fusarium

Investigations revealed that Fusarium oxysporum was present in tomato roots without visible symptoms initially; mycotoxins from this pathogen damaged leaves while leaving stems intact.

Experiments at the Polish National Institute showed that applying Agreca Protect could mitigate virus effects on infected plants, preserving fruit quality despite leaf damage.

Virus Inoculation Studies

Young tomato plants inoculated with various viruses demonstrated resilience when treated with Agreca Protect; young leaves remained healthy while older ones showed symptoms.

The study indicated that while fungi can reduce viral loads, further testing is needed to develop effective strategies for maintaining plant health amidst viral threats.

Importance of Stomatal Functionality

A key discovery involved understanding how potassium and calcium influence stomatal behavior; proper management can enhance plant cooling during heat stress.

Tests conducted under high temperatures confirmed that Agreca Protect improved transpiration rates significantly compared to untreated controls, indicating its potential for enhancing plant resilience.

Understanding Heat Stress Management in Agriculture

The Role of Smart Alert Systems

The Farm Smart Alert System provides alerts for impending heat stress based on VPD (Vapor Pressure Deficit) sensors, indicating that plants may require 20% more water than usual.

To mitigate heat stress, it is recommended to spray twice to cool down the plants. The product used has a micronized mineral composition with a significant surface area, enhancing its cooling effect on leaves.

Key Elements for Plant Growth

Essential elements for plant growth include carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Carbon constitutes 45%, oxygen 40%, and hydrogen 5% of plant composition, while NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) accounts for only 8%.

Most nutrients are absorbed through open stomata; thus, closing them limits nutrient uptake despite using biostimulants.

Effects of Heat Stress on Photosynthesis

Research indicates that after four days of heat stress at 32 degrees Celsius, different species exhibit varying resistance levels to heat.

Using Agre Protect can double photosynthesis rates under standard temperatures and improve dry mass in plants by about 4-5%.

Innovations in Biostimulants

New technologies have shown a significant reduction in heat and humidity stress effects over a period of twelve days.

Hypochlorous acid is highlighted as an effective agent against pathogens while maintaining balance within the plant's nutrient uptake system.

Importance of Micronutrients During Stress

Calcium is crucial during heat stress but is difficult to transport to the top parts of plants unless stomata are partially open.

Laboratory tests indicate that increasing iron and manganese levels can significantly benefit crops like cucumbers and strawberries under high-temperature conditions.

Practical Applications and Results

After one week of treatment with specific sprays on strawberry varieties known for low sugar content during heat waves showed an increase in sweetness by 0.5% Brix.

Observations reveal that calcium absorption improves when stomata are open; silicon also plays a role in enhancing leaf health without causing toxicity.

Advancements in Application Techniques

A summary highlights new production processes aimed at improving disease protection among crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers.

Emphasis is placed on using appropriate droplet sizes (300 microns vs. smaller sizes), which enhances treatment effectiveness during post-harvest applications.

Greenhouse Technology and Benefits

Importance of Humidity Control in Greenhouses

The optimal humidity for greenhouses is between 20 to 50 microns; higher humidity requires smaller droplets (20 microns) to maintain effective moisture levels.

Utilizing fogging techniques can significantly reduce water usage, with only 100 liters per hectare needed compared to traditional spraying methods that require 800 to 1000 liters. This is particularly beneficial during winter months in Spain.

Advantages of Automated Systems

Many growers are adopting automated systems for greenhouse management, allowing for efficient use of resources; one grower reported using a system once a week without the need for additional fungicides.

Cost reduction in treatments is achievable by minimizing the amount of fungicides and pesticides used through improved application methods.

Adjuvants and Their Role

The use of adjuvants enhances product efficacy by improving airborne duration and reducing evaporation rates; however, caution is advised against using toxic substances like ethylene glycol.

Recommended alternatives include glycerin and pure propylene glycol, which are safer options for both plants and people when applied correctly.

Application Techniques

It’s crucial to avoid wetting plants before treatment; ideally, applications should occur at least one hour after watering, with two hours being optimal based on laboratory tests.

In hotter climates (above 30 degrees), increasing the concentration of polypinocle to 5% may be necessary, but care must be taken due to rapid evaporation rates in large greenhouses. Minimum airflow requirements are also emphasized for effective treatment delivery.

Case Study: Tomato Cultivation Results

A case study from the Czech Republic demonstrated successful control over oidium (powdery mildew) through lower humidity levels achieved via this technology, leading to healthier tomato crops within a month and a half of implementation. Equipment costs range from $7000 to $15000 depending on specifications.

Evaluation of Agroeca Protec in Tomato Cultivation

Overview of Research Objectives

David Meca discusses evaluating Agroeca Protec's effectiveness as a biostimulant in tomato cultivation under ecological management conditions during a short spring cycle lasting less than five months due to transplanting timing constraints.

Methodology Insights

The research focused on characterizing application methods including dosage, timing, and techniques while comparing results against organic farming practices aimed at controlling pests and diseases effectively within an independent climate-controlled greenhouse setup measuring 1159 m².

Crop Management Details

Tomatoes were grown using specific varieties under controlled conditions with careful monitoring of water supply and nutrient input throughout the growth cycle from February until July following organic standards aimed at maximizing yield quality while managing pest pressures organically without chemical interventions for disease control.

Evaluation of Agricultural Treatments

Treatment Methodology

The study utilized technology from Cabro Protect and focused on the selection of production in both first and second iterations, employing a software program for evaluation.

Twelve fruits were selected from each plot, stored individually in refrigerated conditions at 10°C with 90% humidity for ten days to assess weight loss during harvest.

Disease Management and Water Control

Evaluations were conducted periodically across two management systems: ecological handling and disease management using agroecological products.

Water application was consistent across treatments, approximately 390 liters per square meter, showing no significant differences in total or commercial production over seven harvests.

Production Analysis

Commercial production categories (first, second, non-commercial) showed similar yields across treatments; classification by size indicated slight variations favoring treatment groups.

A notable difference of 8% in caliber M was observed favoring the treatment group compared to control; Triple M production was 20% higher than smaller calibers.

Harvest Loss Assessment

Non-commercial production remained around 1 kg across both treatments with minimal differences attributed to pathogens affecting quality.

Post-harvest evaluations revealed similar weight loss behaviors between treatments after refrigeration storage.

Pest Control Strategies

Pest management adhered to organic agriculture regulations; when necessary, insecticides were applied due to limitations of agroecological products against certain pests.

Six initial foliar applications at a concentration of 2.5% were made before transitioning to a nebulizer system that began operating on May 9th.

Treatment Adjustments and Observations

As diseases appeared towards the end of May, treatment frequency increased to twice weekly; final applications reached concentrations up to 25%.

Manual interventions included targeted applications for specific diseases like botrytis using hand sprayers for localized treatment.

This structured summary captures key insights from the transcript while providing timestamps for easy reference.

Agricultural Challenges and Solutions

Overview of Crop Cycle Issues

Discussion on the confusion surrounding sexual cycles in crops, particularly at the end of the spring cycle where monitoring is crucial.

Notable increase in plant presence with 90% infestation noted, highlighting challenges faced in organic agriculture due to pests like Nesara virídula (tomato bug).

Pest Management Strategies

The importance of biological control methods within greenhouses was emphasized, noting initial detections of harmful individuals during this process.

Introduction of disease management strategies began after first leaf damage was observed in late May, leading to weekly treatments.

Treatment Efficacy and Observations

Damage assessment revealed that approximately 30%-35% of plants exhibited some form of injury, prompting targeted treatment applications.

Application rates were discussed; a 5% solution was used for treating affected leaves with follow-up observations made at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-treatment.

Disease Monitoring and Control

Minimal issues with Ovidio were reported throughout the crop cycle; however, symptoms appeared later requiring corrective measures.

Noteworthy findings included higher instances of Furvia on lower leaves without needing fungicide treatments by early March.

Final Analysis and Conclusions

Rapid tests for virus detection yielded negative results despite visible fruit problems attributed to potential viral transmission.

Nutrient analysis showed significant differences between control and treated fruits regarding chlorate levels; no significant health risks were identified from treatments applied.

Overall conclusions indicated no statistically significant differences in total production or post-harvest behavior between treatment strategies.

Practical Applications of Anolite in Agriculture

Case Studies Overview

The discussion begins with practical applications of Anolite, featuring two case studies: one by Basilio Gomes focusing on tomatoes, cucumbers, and pitaya, and another by David García Gallego related to irrigation.

Basilio shares his experience with the product, noting that he was already familiar with it from a nursery before implementing it in his own operations.

Basilio's Experience with Anolite

He emphasizes that while he appreciates the technology behind Anolite, he does not utilize all the advanced features; instead, he uses a simple four-nozzle sprayer for application.

Basilio mentions dealing with bacterial issues despite maintaining a humidity level of 60%, indicating that while some pathogens are eliminated effectively, others persist.

He discusses challenges faced when transitioning to hydroponics due to persistent Rhizoctonia problems and highlights the need for continuous disinfection practices.

Application Techniques and Results

Basilio describes his method of disinfecting daily at a high volume (300 L/hour), which he finds effective despite being considered excessive by others.

He warns about equipment wear due to chemical exposure, suggesting that stainless steel or Teflon components are necessary for longevity.

Efficacy Against Fungal Issues

In discussing pitaya cultivation, he notes success against soil fungi but acknowledges limitations regarding airborne fungal infections without additional treatments like Fosetil.

He claims rapid effectiveness of Anolite in various applications and mentions its cost-effectiveness compared to traditional methods.

Cost Considerations and Future Use

While praising the results achieved using Anolite, Basilio raises concerns about the initial investment required for the machinery needed to produce it.

He reflects on past experiences in nurseries where similar techniques were employed successfully during germination phases.

Impact of Hypochlorous Acid on Zebra Mussel Infestation

Introduction to Zebra Mussels Issue

A new speaker introduces their successful case study involving zebra mussels within an irrigation community over two years ago.

They highlight significant improvements made since implementing hypochlorous acid treatment in their filtration systems.

This structured summary captures key insights from the transcript while providing timestamps for easy reference.

Irrigation Community Management Insights

Evaluation of Irrigation Systems

The speaker emphasizes the importance of evaluating irrigation systems over four time periods, specifically three summer seasons, noting no issues with filters or pipes regarding invasive organisms.

Concerns were raised about fertilizers and their impact on zebra mussels; however, the speaker reassures that there have been no significant problems encountered.

System Design and Implementation Challenges

The necessity for conducting tests before designing larger systems is highlighted, as each irrigation community has unique configurations that affect system design.

Proper sizing of the system is crucial to avoid overspending on investments or underestimating capacity, which could hinder future growth.

Cost-Benefit Analysis in Irrigation Projects

The speaker discusses the balance between benefits and expenses in managing an irrigation community, particularly focusing on cleaning costs associated with filters and operational efficiency.

Issues with filter blockages during peak demand times lead to complaints from users about water availability; this highlights the need for effective management of biofilm and other contaminants.

Maintenance Costs and Operational Efficiency

Maintenance costs are discussed concerning initial investment versus ongoing expenses related to equipment like valves and filters. A breakdown in these components can lead to significant financial losses due to water wastage.

The overall costs include maintenance of reactors, energy consumption, salt usage for processes, and pre-treatment requirements for water quality necessary for machinery operation.

Return on Investment Considerations

The speaker encourages calculating whether benefits outweigh costs when considering investments in irrigation technology. If ROI makes sense based on these calculations, then pursuing such projects is advisable.

Regulatory Compliance Discussion

Transitioning into a Q&A session where questions about biocide registration types arise. Clarifications are made regarding domestic versus professional use registrations.

Product Registration Details

Two distinct products are mentioned: disinfectants registered under various categories (TP2 through TP5), ensuring compliance with Spanish health regulations while also aligning with European standards.

A bio-stimulant product is noted as being registered at a European level under new regulations aimed at agricultural applications.

This structured summary captures key insights from the transcript while providing timestamps for easy reference.

Conductivity and Bio-Stimulants in Agriculture

Conductivity Measurements

The conductivity of a pure product is low, with only 2 g per liter of salt, leading to an insignificant final conductivity after injection at a minimal dose (0.2%).

Tests conducted with Aguas de Valencia showed less than a 2% increase in conductivity for irrigation applications, indicating minimal impact on water quality.

Application Concerns for Strawberries

The application of bio-stimulants is primarily used as a curative treatment during pest issues rather than continuous use; it addresses problems like biofilm or fungal infections.

Continuous application was considered due to potential biofilm issues but deemed unnecessary.

Equipment and Material Considerations

Questions arose regarding the lifespan of generators and the corrosion risk associated with metal components in installations, particularly those made from stainless steel versus iron.

Injection at 15 ppm increases conductivity by 0.1; concerns were raised about using brass components which are prone to corrosion.

Application Methods and Corrosion Risks

There are discussions on whether applying treatments via irrigation or foliar methods affects structural integrity; nebulization may pose risks if not managed properly.

The size of droplets during nebulization (20 to 30 microns) minimizes wetting effects that could lead to corrosion, even when using acidic products.

Long-term Use and Maintenance

Successful long-term applications have been reported in large greenhouses without structural damage, utilizing specific concentrations (80 ppm for curative, 50 ppm for preventive).

Corrosion occurs mainly during prolonged exposure or immersion; proper nebulization techniques mitigate these risks effectively.

Water and Salt in Coating Processes

Importance of Water and Salt Quality

The ideal conditions for coating processes involve using osmotized water, which significantly enhances the lifespan of the coating.

Vacuum salt, a highly pure salt produced through a vacuum process (99.9% purity), is crucial for maintaining the quality and longevity of coatings.

Maintenance Recommendations for Machinery

Typical operational lifespan for machinery components is around 15,000 hours; however, maintenance practices can extend this duration.

For peristaltic pumps used in hydraulic processes, it is recommended to replace tubing every 1,000 hours and the pump head every 2,000 hours.

Clients often delay maintenance beyond recommended intervals (up to 2,500 hours), impacting machine performance.

Longevity of Machines

Older machines can last several years without needing annual replacements; one model mentioned dates back to 2016.

The electrical components tend to have longer lifespans compared to hydraulic parts, which require more frequent attention.

Product Storage and Stability

Shelf Life of Produced Products

The product generated by the machine must be used within a specific timeframe; packaged products like bio-stimulants maintain their concentration for up to one year.

In-situ production has a stability period of about three months but is designed to meet immediate installation needs.

Legal Status and Certification

Packaged products are certified as bio-stimulants at the European level; they are legally usable under health regulations.

There are distinctions between different types of products: some are suitable for foliar treatments while others may not be applicable in certain contexts.

Expert Opinions on Product Efficacy

Insights from Industry Experience

An expert with over 40 years in plant health emphasizes skepticism towards miracle products that emerge during crises or pest outbreaks.

Differentiation between scientifically backed products versus those that capitalize on market desperation is critical in evaluating efficacy.

Discussion on Agricultural Products and Their Efficacy

Concerns About New Agricultural Products

The speaker discusses the emergence of new agricultural products that are marketed aggressively, raising skepticism about their effectiveness.

There is a recognition that while some products show promise in controlled environments, their performance can vary significantly in agricultural settings due to diverse conditions.

The speaker emphasizes that truly effective agricultural products will be sought after by producers rather than the companies marketing them.

Challenges with Product Application

Some tools require specialized knowledge for proper application, which may not be accessible to all farmers.

A question arises regarding the impact of certain products on soil microbiota, particularly non-pathogenic microorganisms.

Impact of Hypochlorous Acid (HCL)

Discussion on using HCL in irrigation raises concerns about its effects on soil health and microorganism balance.

It is noted that there is a distinction between preventive doses and shock treatments; higher doses may disrupt beneficial microbial populations temporarily.

Treatment Protocols

The use of oxidizing agents like HCL can react with organic matter, affecting soil microbiota.

After applying shock treatments for diseases, it’s important to reintroduce beneficial bacteria at lower concentrations to maintain soil health.

Questions Regarding Product Safety and Certification

Inquiries are made about how these products affect plastic materials used in greenhouses and their ecological certification status.

Chlorine's interaction with plastics could lead to degradation; however, careful application has shown no significant issues reported by growers using these products.

Efficacy and Registration of Hypochlorous Acid

Practical Applications in Agriculture

The speaker shares experiences from Poland where hypochlorous acid has been successfully used for disinfection in various agricultural contexts without adverse effects.

Regulatory Aspects

Clarification is provided regarding the registration process for hypochlorous acid as an ecological product within EU regulations.

Residue Management

Concerns about chlorate residues are addressed; proper usage protocols ensure minimal risk when applied correctly, allowing for safe use even in organic production systems.

Bio-Stimulants and Crop Protection: Current Status and Future Prospects

Overview of Bio-Stimulant Registration in Europe

The product is certified as a bio-stimulant for use across Europe, particularly in organic production. In Spain, it is registered for ecological use.

There are discussions about the potential future registration of the product as a phytosanitary solution, with ongoing processes in countries like Italy, Poland, and Germany.

Challenges in Crop Protection Registration

Hypochlorous acid was previously registered only as a bio-stimulant; there is currently no active substance available for crop protection that has been registered.

The exclusivity of the molecule is limited; while certain products can be reserved, others cannot due to regulatory constraints.

Practical Applications and Experiences

A user with extensive experience shared insights on using the product in organic farming, emphasizing its value as an additional tool amidst limited options for disease management.

Initial applications faced challenges with achieving optimal nebulization but were eventually resolved. The product shows promise compared to untreated areas.

Efficiency and Labor Considerations

Using a nebulizer significantly reduces labor time compared to manual application methods. It takes approximately 10 minutes to prepare the nebulizer versus longer preparation times for manual methods.

The discussion highlighted that while focusing on organic cultivation limits options, this product could also benefit conventional farming practices.

Equipment and Treatment Optimization

Optimal treatment surface area and equipment setup are crucial for effective application. Proper movement of the product within greenhouses requires specific ventilation systems.

Estimated labor savings per hectare are significant when using this technology; treatments can be completed more efficiently than traditional methods despite slightly higher costs associated with the product itself.

Economic Viability of Alternative Phytosanitary Treatments

Discussion on Cost-Effectiveness

The speaker mentions that the treatment discussed is "two or three times more economical" than standard or ecological phytosanitary treatments, highlighting its cost-effectiveness.

Personal Experience and Recommendations

The speaker shares their personal experience of using the treatment for "four and a half months," suggesting it can be tested on a small scale before full implementation.

They recommend purchasing a small quantity ("a garrafa") to try out the foliar application method, emphasizing that it is not very expensive.

Need for Further Research

The speaker notes limitations in extending their trials due to planning constraints for upcoming campaigns, indicating a need for further research under varying conditions.

They stress the importance of adapting treatments to specific local conditions, viewing initial trials as just a starting point for broader applications.