The ultimate guide to rationality, with Harvard’s Steven Pinker
Harvard professor Steven Pinker explains how to develop a rational mind in 80 minutes. Subscribe to Big Think on YouTube ► https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvQECJukTDE2i6aCoMnS-Vg?sub_confirmation=1 Up next, Linguistics as a window to understanding the brain ► https://youtu.be/Q-B_ONJIEcE Steven Pinker, a renowned Canadian cognitive psychologist and author, speaks to Big Think in this wide-ranging conversation on topics such as human progress, the tragedy of the commons, Bayesian reasoning, and strategies to curb our most destructive instincts, with the ultimate goal of improving the world for everyone. Central to Pinker's argument is the promotion of rationality. His 2023 book, Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters, delves into the enigmatic nature of human progress, examining how we have achieved so many impressive scientific breakthroughs while concurrently succumbing to widespread irrationality, like fake news and conspiracy theories. Pinker maintains that humans are not innately irrational; instead, our thought processes are better adapted to low-tech environments. So, how can we cultivate greater rationality in today's complex world? Pinker believes that one key lies in improving education. By teaching children critical thinking skills, we can better equip them to identify biases, emotional reasoning, and cognitive distortions. A more effective educational approach might emphasize probability theory, the elements of persuasive rhetoric, and developing empathy by understanding the perspectives of those with differing viewpoints. By fostering these skills, we can nurture a more rational and informed society capable of addressing the challenges of our modern era. 0:00 Meet Steven Pinker 0:25 Why does rationality matter? 3:44 How can we measure human progress? 10:17 Is your view of progress optimistic? 12:12 Are we a rational or an irrational species? 18:29 What are the current threats to rationality and progress? 23:41 Why do new technologies tend to increase irrational thinking? 26:05 How do institutions both enable and hinder progress? 29:57 How does cancel culture stifle rationality? 32:14 What are "tragedies of the commons" and how can they impede progress? 35:58 Do "tragedies of the commons" contribute to political polarization? 37:23 How can narrative thinking skew our perception of the world? 39:51 What are cognitive illusions and do they explain irrationality? 44:49 What is Bayesian reasoning? 50:34 What’s a situation where people tend to neglect Bayesian reasoning? 55:53 Why is Bayesian reasoning indispensable for scientists and AI researchers? 56:42 How useful is Bayesian logic for everyday reasoning? 59:25 Why is it so hard to get people to use Bayesian reasoning? 1:00:29 When can a focus on Bayesian reasoning become problematic? 1:04:20 Why do some journalists and scientists forego Bayesian reasoning? 1:08:22 Is the media responsible for our inability to employ Bayesian reasoning? 1:10:08 Can you simplify Bayes’ theorem for us? 1:10:59 Can we become more rational? 1:17:03 Do we have what it takes to be collectively more rational? Read the video transcript ► https://bigthink.com/series/the-big-think-interview/ultimate-guide-to-rationality/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=video&utm_campaign=youtube_description ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Steven Pinker: Steven Pinker is an experimental psychologist who conducts research in visual cognition, psycholinguistics, and social relations. He grew up in Montreal and earned his BA from McGill and his PhD from Harvard. Currently Johnstone Professor of Psychology at Harvard, he has also taught at Stanford and MIT. He has won numerous prizes for his research, his teaching, and his nine books, including The Language Instinct, How the Mind Works, The Blank Slate, The Better Angels of Our Nature, The Sense of Style, and Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Big Think | Smarter Faster™ ► Big Think Our mission is to make you smarter, faster. Watch interviews with the world’s biggest thinkers on science, philosophy, business, and more. ► Big Think+ Looking to ignite a learning culture at your company? Prepare your workforce for the future with educational courses from the world’s biggest thinkers. Trusted by Ford, Marriot, Bank of America, and many more. Learn how Big Think+ can empower your people today: https://bigthink.com/plus/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=video&utm_campaign=youtube_description
The ultimate guide to rationality, with Harvard’s Steven Pinker
Introduction
In this section, Steve Pinker introduces himself and his most recent book "Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters."
About Steve Pinker
- Steve Pinker is a professor of psychology at Harvard University.
- His most recent book is called "Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters."
The Importance of Rationality
In this section, Steve Pinker explains why rationality matters.
The Role of Rationality in Progress
- Rationality helps to explain the progress documented in Pinker's previous books.
- Progress can be seen in various areas such as decreased violence and increased happiness, prosperity, freedom and democracy.
- Despite forces that push against progress such as human nature and entropy, rationality has allowed our species to stumble upon means to improve things.
Measuring Human Progress
In this section, Steve Pinker discusses how we can measure human progress.
Health
- Longevity has vastly increased. People live more than twice as long as their ancestors just a few generations ago.
- Fewer children die. Maternal mortality rates have decreased. Famine is far less common.
Wealth
- No bullet points with timestamps available for this subtopic.
Wisdom
- No bullet points with timestamps available for this subtopic.
Introduction
The speaker discusses the improvements in human well-being over time.
Improvements in Human Well-Being
- 200 years ago, 90% of the world lived in extreme poverty. Today, about 9% of the world lives in extreme poverty.
- Literacy rates have increased significantly, with a majority of the world's population now able to read and write.
- Rates of interpersonal violence are much lower now than they were in the Middle Ages or any frontier region beyond law enforcement. Wars have become less frequent, shorter, and less damaging since World War II.
- Suicide rates have gone down worldwide by 40% over the last 30 years. Mental health rates are pretty constant over the last 30 years. Leisure time has increased due to labor-saving devices and shortening work weeks.
- More people travel and consume a variety of ethnic foods and music compared to when people were housebound in the past.
Optimism
The speaker explains why he doesn't consider himself an optimist but rather someone who looks at data instead of headlines.
Optimism vs Data
- The speaker doesn't consider himself an optimist but rather someone who looks at data instead of headlines because headlines are guaranteed to make you pessimistic or cynical as they only show a random sample of bad things happening on Earth at any given time.
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