LAS CRUZADAS - Tierra Santa, Cátaros y Cruzadas Bálticas (Documental Historia resumen)

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The beginning of the Crusades is discussed, highlighting the wars between Christians and Muslims for control over the Holy Land.

The Start of the Crusades

• The Crusades began towards the end of King Philip I's reign, involving wars between Christians and Muslims for control over Jerusalem, the place where Jesus lived.

• Christian pilgrims faced challenges such as theft, kidnapping, and torture by Muslim invaders in sacred places like the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

• Emperor Alexios I sought help from Pope Urban II to unite Eastern and Western Churches against Muslim invasions, leading to tensions escalating among Christian kingdoms.

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The call for the First Crusade is made by Pope Urban II during the Council of Clermont in response to events in the Near East.

Call for the First Crusade

• In 1095, envoys met with Pope Urban II to discuss events in the Near East. This led to a call for a crusade known as "Deus Vult" to liberate Jerusalem.

• The initial group that set out included mostly poor peasants without military experience, known as the "Peasants' Crusade," led by Peter the Hermit.

• Different nobles joined forces with around 35,000 crusaders aiming not only for religious motives but also seeking wealth and land opportunities.

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Progression of events during the First Crusade including battles and conquests in key locations.

Events During First Crusade

• Initial successes were achieved by capturing Nicaea from Kilij Arslan under Byzantine support; however, promises made to Byzantium were not fulfilled.

• Antioch was besieged successfully after months under Yaghi-Siyan's rule; Bohemond became its prince marking it as a new crusader state.

• Jerusalem was attacked following internal conflicts among local rulers; Genoese troops aided in breaching its walls leading to its capture in June 1099.

The Crusades and Military Orders in the Holy Land

The transcript delves into the complexities of living in the Holy Land during the Crusades, highlighting the emergence of military orders such as the Knights Hospitaller, Knights Templar, and Order of St. Lazarus.

Emergence of Military Orders

• The Knights Hospitaller, initially a group of Italian merchants, evolved into the Sovereign Military Order of Malta with a central base at Krak des Chevaliers in Syria.

• The Order of the Holy Sepulchre was founded by Godfrey de Bouillon in 1098 to protect sacred sites. Notable members included Ramon Berenguer IV and King James I.

• The Order of St. Lazarus (Lazarists) tended to wounded pilgrims in the Holy Land while Spanish kingdoms focused on conflicts with Arabs rather than official Crusades.

Legends Surrounding Knights Templar

• Legends suggest that the Knights Templar discovered significant relics beneath Solomon's Temple like the Holy Grail or Ark of Covenant, leading to their rise in popularity and wealth through expeditions and construction projects.

• Recruited by Hugh de Payens, nine knights embarked on a quest for sacred relics but ended up gaining immense wealth and influence through various endeavors like castle construction and alchemical techniques.

Impact of Second Crusade

The narrative unfolds around events during the Second Crusade led by figures like Abbot Bernard preaching for this cause.

Abbot Bernard's Role

• Abbot Bernard played a pivotal role in initiating the Second Crusade by advocating for it fervently across France and Germany with radical messages that incited violence against Jews.

• Despite initial reluctance from Emperor Conrad III, German forces engaged but faced challenges including misconduct in Greece while English troops supported Portugal's conquest of Lisbon.

French Involvement

Enrique Plantagenet and the Rise of the Angevin Empire

This section discusses the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry Plantagenet, who later became Henry II of England. The union led to the Angevin Empire, incorporating territories like Aquitaine, Auvergne, Anjou, and others under English control.

Marriage Alliance and Territorial Expansion

• Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet, who became Henry II of England.

• Territories such as Aquitaine, Auvergne, Anjou, and more came under English rule.

• Formation of the Angevin Empire through this marriage alliance.

Philip II Augustus and Richard the Lionheart

This part delves into Philip II Augustus succeeding Louis VII and being a significant monarch with titles like Rex Francorum and Rex Franciae. Richard the Lionheart emerges as a formidable figure during this period.

Monarchs' Roles and Achievements

• Philip II Augustus succeeded Louis VII as King of France.

• Known for titles like Rex Francorum (King of the Franks) and Rex Franciae (King of France).

• Richard the Lionheart emerged as a powerful figure during this era.

Saladin's Rise to Power

Saladin's ascension to power in Egypt and Syria is discussed here, including his strategic moves against various rulers leading to establishing the Ayyubid dynasty.

Saladin's Strategic Moves

• Saladin's rise to power in Egypt after Nuraldine's death.

• Appointment as Sultan of Egypt and Syria; creation of Ayyubid dynasty.

• Elimination of rivals leading to sole dominance in the region.

Fall of Jerusalem

The fall of Jerusalem in 1187 marks a pivotal moment where Christians surrender due to exhaustion after intense battles with Saladino’s forces.

Fall of Jerusalem

• Intense battles lead to Christians surrendering in 1187.

• Decision made by Christians influenced by noble Valiente’s counsel.

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This section discusses the events surrounding Federico Barbarossa's death, the impact of a plague on his soldiers, and Saladino's actions during the journey to Tierra Santa.

Federico Barbarossa's Demise

• Federico Barbarossa allegedly fell off his horse on the way to Tierra Santa through Anatolia and drowned in a river due to the weight of his armor.

• Many of his soldiers succumbed to a plague during this time.

• Saladino destroyed a hospital for German pilgrims using ship candles, leading other pilgrims to set up an improvised field hospital outside Acre.

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This part covers the arrival of various armies at the port of Messina in Sicily, Richard I's interactions with the Emperor of Cyprus, and the beginning of the siege of San Juan de Acre.

Events at Messina and Siege Preparation

• Armies arrived safely at Messina, the capital of Sicily, from where ships departed for Tierra Santa.

• Richard I had conflicts with the Emperor of Cyprus before conquering it.

• The siege of San Juan de Acre commenced in 1190 with significant Christian efforts like constructing siege weapons such as towers on ships.

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This section delves into the Siege of San Juan de Acre alongside King Philip and King Richard I's disagreements over governance.

Siege Progress and Governance Disputes

• The siege involved intense combat and construction efforts by Christians resulting in reclaiming San Juan de Acre after months.

• Philip and Richard disagreed on governance matters, appointing Guido de Lusignan followed by Conrado de Monferrato.

• Richard demanded a ransom from Saladino for Muslim prisoners but faced challenges when Saladino refused payment.

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Here, we witness key battles like Arshuf where combined forces led by Richard I achieved victory against Saladino’s army.

Battle Strategies and Political Maneuvers

• Battle at Arshuf in 1191 saw success for Christians due to combined efforts led by Richard I along with Hospitaliers and Templars under Grand Master Robert de Sable.

• Christians regained control over Jaffa following an epic landing operation amidst ongoing political negotiations between leaders regarding Jerusalem’s fate.

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The aftermath of battles is explored here including disappointments over Jerusalem not being fully reclaimed despite territorial gains.

Post-Battle Developments

• Despite reclaiming several cities, disappointment arose among crusaders as Jerusalem remained under Muslim control leading to potential resumption of conflict in Tierra Santa.

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This segment focuses on King Valdemar I’s reign in Denmark marked by stability after civil wars and advancements such as founding Copenhagen.

Reign Achievements

• King Valdemar I halted civil wars in Denmark around 1146 with Bishop Absalon’s assistance leading to country reorganization.

La Formación de Suecia y las Cruzadas Bálticas

This section discusses the formation of Sweden under powerful legislation, the abolition of serfdom, and the establishment of a feudal system. It also delves into the Swedish involvement in the Second Swedish Crusade against Finland and key battles like the Battle of Lake Peipus.

Formation of Sweden and Feudal System

• The capital of the country created potent legislation and fought against serfdom abolition.

• A feudal system was established in Sweden under Valdemar I and Magnus I, leading to conflicts such as the Second Swedish Crusade against Finland.

Battles in Baltic Crusades

• The Battle of Lake Peipus in 1242 pitted Catholic Teutonic Knights against Orthodox Republic of Novgorod, resulting in a victory for Novgorod led by Prince Alexander Nevsky.

• The Third Swedish Crusade against Finland saw King Birger Magnusson facing Karelians but failing to occupy their lands.

The Byzantine Empire and Latin Empire

This section explores events surrounding Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, including political turmoil, sieges, and power shifts between different empires.

Fourth Crusade Events

• The Grand Duchy of Lithuania converted to Christianity in 1386 under Grand Duke Jogaila before his marriage to Queen Hedwig of Poland.

• In 1410, the Battle of Grunwald marked the end of Lithuanian Crusades and Baltic conflicts.

Siege of Constantinople

• After Emperor Isaac II's restoration by crusaders, Alexios V Doukas seized power in Constantinople in 1204.

• The sack of Constantinople by crusaders led to a division between Latin Empire under Baldwin I and Nicaean Empire with Venetian influence.

France: Philip II Augustus vs. Plantagenet Family

This part focuses on France's internal divisions between King Philip II Augustus and England's Plantagenet family after Richard I's death.

French Territories Conflict

• Philip II Augustus reclaimed his territories from England's Plantagenets after Richard I's death.

Catharism and the Albigensian Crusade

The discussion delves into the rise of Catharism, a Christian sect with Gnostic beliefs that rejected traditional sacraments and icons, leading to conflict with the Catholic Church and the subsequent Albigensian Crusade.

Cathar Beliefs and Practices

• Catharism gained popularity during the Gregorian Reform due to its Gnostic Christian roots.

• Cathars were dualistic, viewing the visible world as created by Satan while seeking a spiritual connection through prayer and meditation.

• Perfecti, or Cathar bishops without churches, spread their beliefs itinerantly through the imposition of hands as their sole sacrament.

Conflict with the Catholic Church

• The powerful Count of Toulouse and other nobles supported the Cathars against crusaders led by Simon de Montfort.

• Massacre at Béziers marked brutal suppression; Inquisition tribunals sought out heretics for punishment.

Albigensian Crusade and Aftermath

• The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 signaled a turning point in Iberia's Muslim-Christian conflicts.

• Prolonged conflict in Occitania involved nobles like Raymond VI of Toulouse supporting local resistance against crusaders.

Children's Crusade and Later Crusades

Explores historical events such as the Children's Crusade, Fifth Crusade, Sixth Crusade, involving figures like Saint Francis of Assisi and Emperor Frederick II.

Children's Crusade

• In 1212, a group of children embarked on a failed crusade to Jerusalem believing their innocence would lead to victory.

Fifth Crusade

• Pope Innocent III initiated the Fifth Crusade involving Austrian prince Leopold VI and Hungarian king Andrew II besieging Damietta.

Sixth Crusade

Cultural and Historical Events in the 13th Century

The transcript delves into significant events of the 13th century, focusing on key historical figures, battles, and religious conflicts during this period.

Federico II and the Sixth Crusade

• Federico II reluctantly participated in the sixth Crusade pressured by various entities.

• He engaged in diplomatic efforts with El Sultán Ayubí al Camil, Saladino's nephew.

• Through diplomacy, Federico II managed to regain control of Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem without resorting to battles.

King Louis IX of France

• Louis IX, known as Saint Louis due to his reign's prestige and humility, was crowned in 1226.

• He implemented strict laws against abusive lords and bishops during his rule.

• The Albigensian Crusade concluded in 1244 with the capture of Cathar strongholds Montsegur and Keribús.

Challenges Faced by San Luis

• San Luis embarked on a new Crusade aiming to ally with the Mongols against the Ayubids but faced challenges negotiating with them.

• Despite initial successes like capturing Damietta in Egypt, setbacks led to their defeat at Mansura.

Challenges Faced by San Luis

This section explores San Luis' struggles during his Crusades and the subsequent challenges faced by him and his troops.

Defeat at Mansura

• After capturing Damietta in Egypt, San Luis' forces suffered a major defeat at Mansura due to reckless actions by Roberto de Arzúa.

• The defeat resulted in their capture and significant financial losses for their release.

Mamluk Takeover

• Following these events, Mamluks seized power in Egypt after assassinating Ayubid rulers.

• Antioch fell under Mamluk control while Latin kingdoms barely held on amidst increasing threats from fanatical Muslim leaders.

End of Templar Order

This part discusses the fall of Acre marking the end of Christian presence in the Holy Land and subsequent persecution of the Templar Order.

Fall of Acre

• In 1291, Acre fell as the last Christian stronghold in the Middle East leading to blame placed on Templars for prioritizing financial gains over defense efforts.

Persecution of Templars

• The persecution against Templars began around 1307 culminating in Grand Master Jacques de Molay's execution seven years later.