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Mostración Cadavérica 2022 - Columna y Dorso
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Mostración Cadavérica 2022 - Columna y Dorso

New Section

In this section, the speaker introduces themselves and their role as assistants in an anatomy class. They discuss the cadaveric dissection for practical work on the back, starting with osteology.

Osteology Discussion

  • : The discussion transitions to articulations found in coordination with oral.
  • : Details about finding the sacrum and coccyx, followed by a general description of vertebrae types.
  • : Explanation of vertebral structure based on planes and axes.
  • : Further elaboration on vertebral structures based on coronal and transversal planes.

New Section

This part delves into a general description of a typical vertebra type, highlighting common characteristics shared by all vertebrae.

General Description of Vertebra Type

  • : Focus on the vertebral body as the primary support structure.
  • : Description of vertebral processes including superior and inferior articular processes.
  • : Discussion on transverse processes, vertebral laminae, and spinous process formation.

New Section

The discussion shifts towards the vertebral foramen and its boundaries, emphasizing its importance in housing the spinal cord within the spinal canal.

Vertebral Foramen Description

  • : Introduction to the vertebral foramen's boundaries and its role in protecting the spinal cord.

New Section

This segment focuses on describing cervical vertebrae types, detailing specific features unique to cervical vertebrae.

Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae

  • : Examination of cervical vertebral body size and transverse width compared to anteroposterior dimensions.
  • : Analysis of transverse foramina presence along with anterior and posterior tubercles.

New Section

The conversation continues exploring facets like articular surfaces orientation in cervical vertebrae along with lamina width-to-height ratio.

Articular Surfaces Orientation

Anatomy of the Spine

In this section, the speaker discusses the anatomical features of the cervical vertebrae.

Cervical Vertebrae Features

  • The cervical vertebrae have processes known as uncinate processes or semi-lunar hooks that articulate with the true cervical vertebrae.
  • The vertebral foramen has a triangular shape with the base anteriorly and apex posteriorly, maintaining an angular form.
  • The transverse foramen contains the vertebral artery from C6 to C1 levels, originating behind the subclavian artery and ascending through all transverse foramina.
  • The vertebral vein is found in all transverse foramina, while the vertebral nerve (nervio de François) is only present in C5 and C6 transverse foramina.

Anatomy of Thoracic Vertebrae

This part focuses on detailing the characteristics of thoracic vertebrae.

Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics

  • Thoracic vertebrae have a prominent body compared to cervical ones, with well-defined superior and inferior articular facets.
  • The superior articular facet faces posteriorly and is flat, while the inferior one faces anteriorly. Transversely, there are transverse processes and laminae on both sides.
  • Articular facets are present on thoracic vertebrae to articulate with ribs. These facets are unique to thoracic vertebrae anatomy.

Anatomy of Lumbar Vertebra

Exploring lumbar vertebra anatomy in detail.

Lumbar Vertebra Features

  • Lumbar vertebrae exhibit a large body size that is wider transversely than anteroposteriorly. They may have a kidney-shaped appearance according to some authors' conventions.
  • The superior articular facets of lumbar vertebrae are convex cylinders, contrasting with their flat counterparts in thoracic vertebrae. Inferior articular facets also show unique shapes.
  • Lumbar spine articulations differ from those in thoracic regions due to distinct facet joint structures between lumbar levels.

How to Differentiate Between Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae

The speaker addresses the common question of how to differentiate between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae based on various anatomical features.

Identifying Cervical Vertebrae

  • Characteristics such as the presence of transverse processes and transverse foramen help identify cervical vertebrae.
  • The presence of a transverse foramen indicates a cervical vertebra.
  • Distinguishing lumbar from thoracic vertebrae involves looking for signs like articulation with ribs and facets for rib heads.

Special Features of Cervical Vertebrae

  • Cervical vertebrae exhibit specific characteristics like articular facets for ribs in thoracic vertebrae.
  • Describing special features of the first cervical vertebra (atlas), including its lateral masses and articulations with the occipital condyles.

Anatomical Description of Atlas (First Cervical Vertebra)

Detailed description of the anatomical features of the atlas, focusing on its unique structures and articulations.

Anatomy of Atlas

  • The atlas lacks a vertebral body but has lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches.
  • Specific structures like tubercles, articular facets, and transverse processes characterize the atlas.

Description of Axis (Second Cervical Vertebra)

Exploring the anatomical details that distinguish the axis (second cervical vertebra).

Axis Anatomy

Anatomical Structures of the Spine

In this section, the speaker discusses the anatomical structures of the spine, focusing on the cervical vertebrae and sacrum.

Cervical Vertebrae

  • Details the articulation of inferior articular processes with the following cervical vertebra.
  • Describes the structure of the axis (C2), highlighting its tubercles and articular surfaces for connection with the atlas (C1).

Sacrum Anatomy

  • Introduces the sacrum composed of five fused sacral vertebrae, resembling a pyramid with various facets.
  • Explains different surfaces of the sacrum - anterior, posterior, lateral - defining its anatomical position.

Detailed Structure of Sacrum

This part delves deeper into the detailed structure of the sacrum bone.

Sacral Bone Features

  • Illustrates how five sacral vertebrae contribute to form distinct parts like bodies and transverse crests.
  • Discusses transverse lines or crests between vertebral bodies indicating fusion points.

Posterior Aspect of Sacrum

The focus shifts to exploring the complex posterior aspect of the sacrum bone.

Posterior Features

  • Highlights various crests emanating from midline towards lateral sides, including medial, intermediate, and lateral sacral crests.
  • Details structures like canal sacro and foramina for spinal nerves' exit in addition to describing crest variations.

Articulations and Surfaces of Sacrum

Examines articulations and surfaces present on different aspects of the sacrum bone.

Articular Surfaces

  • Compares concave anterior surface with convex posterior surface while delineating superior base features.

Anatomy of the Cervical Spine Articulations

In this section, the speaker discusses the articulations of the cervical spine, focusing on specific joints and ligaments involved in connecting various vertebrae.

Articulation of Atlas and Axis (C1-C2)

  • The joint between the atlas and axis involves a synovial joint that connects the posterior arch of the atlas with the anterior surface of the axis' dens.
  • The dens is linked to the transverse ligament of the atlas, which extends from one lateral mass to another. This ligament contains ascending and descending fascicles.
  • Additionally, lateral atlanto-axial joints connect superior articular facets of the axis with inferior facets of the atlas. These are reinforced by a capsule and a ligament called Arnold's inferior lateral ligament.

Atlanto-Occipital Joint (C1-Skull)

  • Describes how the atlas articulates with the occipital bone at the atlanto-occipital joint.
  • This synovial joint involves condyles from both bones articulating within glenoid cavities. It is supported by lateral atlanto-occipital ligaments and two crucial membranes: anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane.

Axis-Odontoid Process Union (C2-Skull)

  • Explores how C2 connects with the skull through a complex network involving ligaments like alar ligaments and apical odontoid ligament.

Common Articulations in Spinal Segments

This part delves into shared features among vertebral segments, emphasizing body unions across cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.

Vertebral Body Unions

  • Discusses how vertebral bodies articulate via symphysis joints using intervertebral discs and peripheral ligaments for stability.

Intervertebral Disc Structure

  • Details variations in disc dimensions across spinal regions due to differing pressure requirements. Emphasizes an outer fibrous ring surrounding a central gel-like nucleus.

Detailed Overview of Spinal Anatomy

In this section, the speaker delves into the anatomy of the spine, discussing key components such as the nucleus pulposus, longitudinal ligaments, and facet joints.

Nucleus Pulposus and Longitudinal Ligaments

  • The nucleus pulposus is a central portion of the spine that decreases in density with age.
  • Two important longitudinal ligaments are mentioned:
  • The anterior longitudinal ligament extends from the occipital bone to the front of the second sacral vertebra.
  • The posterior longitudinal ligament starts at the occipital bone and extends to the back of the first coccygeal vertebra.

Facet Joints and Articulations

  • Vertebrae segments are connected by facet joints known as zygapophyseal joints.
  • These joints vary in structure based on vertebral levels; cervical and thoracic levels have flat facets, while lumbar levels have curved facets.
  • The articulation between cervical vertebrae includes uncovertebral joints that articulate with adjacent vertebrae's hook-like structures.
  • These are synovial plane joints.

Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints

  • Thoracic vertebrae connect with ribs through two types of joints:
  • Costovertebral joint connects rib heads to superior and inferior vertebral facets.
  • It is a planar synovial joint.
  • Costotransverse joint links rib tubercles to transverse process articular facets.
  • This joint is also synovial, possibly planar according to different authors' interpretations.

Union Structures in Vertebrae

This part focuses on various structures that unite vertebrae segments, including spinous processes, transverse processes, laminae, and intervertebral discs.

Spinous Processes Union

  • Two thoracic vertebrae demonstrate union via two ligaments:
  • Interspinous ligament spans between spinous processes' spaces.
  • Supraspinous ligament lies posteriorly to interspinous connecting tips of spinous processes along all spinal levels.

Transverse Processes Connection

  • Apophyses transverses link through intertransverse ligaments or muscles (in cervical regions).

Laminae Bonding

  • Laminae unite through yellow ligaments inserting into corresponding lamina crests.

Concluding Spinal Articulations

The final segment discusses lumbar-sacral articulation specifics regarding surfaces orientation for effective connection.

Lumbar-Sacral Joint Description

  • Describes articulation between fifth lumbar vertebra and sacrum from an anterior view perspective.

Surface Orientation Insights

  • Superior sacral articular surface inclines at a 45-degree angle upward and forward concerning horizontal plane for optimal alignment during movement.

Anatomy of the Spine

In this section, the anatomy of the spine is discussed, focusing on specific vertebrae and ligaments that play crucial roles in spinal structure and function.

Anatomy of the Lumbar Vertebrae

  • The fifth lumbar vertebra has a unique orientation, being directed inferiorly and posteriorly. This results in an obtuse angle known as the promontory. The angle varies between genders, with women measuring approximately 118 degrees and men around 126 degrees.

Ligaments Connecting Lumbar Vertebrae to Sacrum

  • One important connecting structure between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum is the sacro vertebral ligament. This ligament extends from the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the wing of the sacrum.

Sacrococcygeal Articulation

  • The sacrococcygeal joint is a type 5 amphiarthrosis joint that links the sacrum with the coccyx. It is reinforced by several ligaments including anterior, posterior, and lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments.

Spinal Column Curvatures

This section delves into the curvatures present in different regions of the spinal column, highlighting how these curvatures contribute to overall spinal alignment.

Types of Spinal Curvatures

  • The spinal column theoretically presents four curvatures in a sagittal plane. These include lordosis (convex curvature towards anterior) in cervical region, kyphosis (concave curvature towards anterior) in thoracic region, and lordosis again in lumbar region.

Understanding Thoracic and Lumbar Curvatures

  • Moving from thoracic to lumbar regions, there is a transition from kyphosis to lordosis. The thoracic spine exhibits concavity anteriorly while lumbar spine shows convexity anteriorly.

Muscles of the Back

This segment focuses on dissecting back muscles, particularly highlighting key muscles like trapezius and latissimus dorsi along with their anatomical features.

Trapezius Muscle Anatomy

  • The trapezius muscle has proximal insertions at various points including along the nuchal line superiorly and at specific spinous processes from C7 to T12. It consists of ascending, horizontal, and descending fibers converging laterally to insert on superior border of scapula.

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Function

  • The latissimus dorsi muscle originates from multiple points such as lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae's iliac crest medial part, sacral midline portion up to lateral third of clavicle. Its functions include extension of head and rotation towards opposite side.

New Section

In this section, the discussion focuses on the anatomy of specific muscles in the upper body, detailing their structure and functions.

Muscles of the Upper Body

  • The inferior fibers of a certain muscle group ascend anteriorly and superiorly towards a bone in the upper limb, creating torsion. This movement involves directing towards anterior and superior regions.
  • The dorsal aspect of certain muscles houses vascular and nervous structures like the dorsal scapular nerve and thoracodorsal vessels. These structures innervate muscles responsible for shoulder movements.
  • Muscle function: Depending on its fixed point, a muscle can either elevate the trunk or act as a medial rotator and adductor of the shoulder. This dual functionality is crucial for various upper body movements.
  • Insertion points: Muscles like the rhomboid major insert medially towards the spine's midline, while others like the rhomboid minor attach to specific bony landmarks such as the scapular spine. These distinctions affect muscle actions.