Las CORONAS de CASTILLA y ARAGÓN vs. Almorávides y Almohades 🏰 Historia de ESPAÑA MEDIEVAL 4

History of Spain - Middle Ages IV - The Crowns of Castilla y Aragón vs. the Almorávides and Almohades

This section covers the Almorávide invasion and its impact on Spain during the Middle Ages.

The Arrival of the Almorávides

• The Almorávides emerged in the Sahara and sought to reform Berber Islamism.

• They conquered Morocco, founded Marrakech as their capital, and expanded into Spain.

• The Almorávides conquered cities such as Malaga, Granada, Cordoba, Seville, and Badajoz.

• King Alfonso VI of Castilla formed an alliance with El Cid to counter the Almorávide threat.

Conflict with Taifa Kings

• Taifa kings allied with Leonese against the Almorávides who were taking control of their territories.

• Count Berenguer Ramón II of Barcelona initially supported Muslim kings but was stopped by El Cid.

• Valencia became a stronghold for El Cid's power after conquering it in 1094.

Alliance Against the Almorávides

• El Cid married his daughters to Navarrese infantryman Ramiro Sanchez and Count Ramon Berenguer III to strengthen alliances against the Almorávides.

• El Cid focused on colonizing Urgel and Tarragona while countering the threat.

• Despite efforts, the Almorávides eventually conquered Valencia in 1102.

Battles and Succession

• King Pedro I of Navarre-Aragonese defeated the Muslims of Zaragoza with the help of Saint George at the Battle of Alcoraz.

• King Alfonso VI faced challenges, including the Battle of Uclés and conflicts within his family.

• Urraca I inherited the throne after her father's death and married King Alfonso I of Aragon.

Turmoil and Alliances

• The marriage between Urraca and Alfonso I was troubled, leading to conflicts and suspicions.

• Count Pedro Froilaz and Bishop Diego Gelmírez raised King Alfonso VII Raimúndez against Alfonso I.

• Teresa, Urraca's sister, and her husband allied with the Counts of Portugal to defeat Galician rebels.

Conclusion

The Almorávide invasion posed a significant challenge to Spain during the Middle Ages. Despite alliances and resistance efforts led by figures like El Cid, they managed to conquer several cities before being eventually countered. Internal conflicts within ruling families further complicated the situation in Spain.

The Replacement of the Abbot and Farmer Rejection

Alfonso the battler replaced the abbot with his brother Ramiro II the monk, which caused dissatisfaction among the farmers.

• Alfonso replaced the abbot with his brother Ramiro II the monk.

• This move provoked rejection from the farmers.

King Ramiro II and His Achievements

King Ramiro II controlled a vast territory and was responsible for notable constructions such as the Palacio del Castillejo de Monteagudo. He also had a myth surrounding his victory over Muslims in Zaragoza with the help of Saint George.

• King Ramiro II controlled a large territory.

• He built the Palacio del Castillejo de Monteagudo as his summer residence.

• According to myth, he defeated Muslims in Zaragoza with Saint George's assistance in the Battle of Alcoraz.

Ramiro II's Desire to be a Monk

Despite wanting to be a monk, Ramiro II was forced to become king and marry Inés de Poitiers. Their daughter Petronila was born out of commitment before he returned to monastic life.

• Ramiro II desired to be a monk but was compelled to become king.

• He married Inés de Poitiers and fathered Petronila out of commitment before returning to monastic life.

Marriage of Petronila at Two Years Old

At just two years old, Petronila was married off to Count Barcelona Ramón Berenguer IV. This caused great distress for King Alfonso due to conflicts with Muslim forces attacking Castilla.

• Petronila was married to Count Barcelona Ramón Berenguer IV at the age of two.

• The marriage caused tension with Muslim forces attacking Castilla.

Transformation of Counties into the Principality of Catalonia

The counties became princeps, and the Catalan counties transformed into the Principality of Catalonia. During this time, King Alfonso lost his son Sancho Alfónsez and faced financial difficulties.

• The counties became princeps, and the Catalan counties turned into the Principality of Catalonia.

• King Alfonso's son Sancho Alfónsez died during this period.

• Financial difficulties arose for King Alfonso.

Unification of Aragon and Catalonia

The marriage between Ramiro II's daughter Urraca I and Raimundo de Borgoña united Aragon and Catalonia under the Crown of Aragon. Their son Alfonso II would later ascend to the throne.

• The marriage between Urraca I and Raimundo de Borgoña united Aragon and Catalonia under the Crown of Aragon.

• Their son Alfonso II succeeded them on the throne.

Definition of a Crown

A crown refers to multiple kingdoms and territories governed by a single monarch but with significant autonomy. This era saw various deaths, including that of Raimundo, who was buried in Santiago de Compostela Cathedral.

• A crown encompasses multiple kingdoms and territories governed by one monarch.

• Raimundo was buried in Santiago de Compostela Cathedral.

Relationship Between Aragonese and Catalans

Both Aragonese and Catalans were feudal landowners, but Catalans were also involved in free trade with their merchant sailors. The marriage between Urraca and Alfonso I the Battler faced challenges due to infidelity rumors.

• Aragonese and Catalans were feudal landowners.

• Catalans engaged in free trade and had merchant sailors.

• Infidelity rumors surrounded the marriage of Urraca and Alfonso I.

Challenges Faced by Ramón Berenguer IV

Ramón faced difficulties conquering territories due to pirate attacks from the Balearic Islands and Levantine Saracens. He was rumored to have killed a count suspected of having an affair with his wife.

• Ramón faced challenges in his conquests due to pirate attacks.

• He allegedly killed a count suspected of having an affair with his wife.

Conquests of Ramón Berenguer IV

Ramón embarked on conquests, capturing Lleida, Tortosa, and territories in France such as Languedoc and Provence. His actions went against agreements made with Castilians, leading to conspiracies against him.

• Ramón conquered Lleida, Tortosa, and French territories.

• His actions went against agreements made with Castilians.

• Conspiracies arose against him.

Treaties and Revolts

Treaties were signed between Alfonso VII of León and Ramón Berenguer IV regarding Navarra occupation and the division of Al-Andalus. Revolts led by Galician nobles resulted in the crowning of Alfonso VII Raimúndez as king.

• A treaty was signed between Alfonso VII of León and Ramón Berenguer IV regarding Navarra occupation.

• The division of Al-Andalus was discussed.

• Galician nobles revolted and crowned Alfonso VII Raimúndez as king.

Death of Alfonso VII and the Kingdom's Division

Alfonso VII died, leading to the division of the kingdom. Fernando II inherited León, while Sancho III the Desired inherited Castilla. Urraca faced uprisings from bourgeois groups in her territory.

• Alfonso VII died, resulting in the division of the kingdom.

• Fernando II inherited León, and Sancho III the Desired inherited Castilla.

• Urraca faced uprisings from bourgeois groups.

Reign of Alfonso VIII and Division of the Kingdom

This section discusses the reign of Alfonso VIII and the division of the kingdom after his death.

Alfonso VIII's Reign

• Alfonso VIII succeeded his father in 1158 and reigned for over 50 years.

• Despite being young, two noble families, Castro and Lara, fought for control over him.

• In his will, he left everything to the Templars and Hospitallers, resulting in another division of the kingdom.

• Fernando II inherited Leon, while Sancho III inherited Castilla.

Crusaders and Taifa Period

This section discusses the involvement of paid crusaders sent by the Pope and the emergence of Taifa kingdoms.

Paid Crusaders

• The Christians had paid crusaders directly sent by the Pope.

• Many deserters abandoned their cause when they were told not to loot Jews or Muslims.

Emergence of Taifa Kingdoms

• The Christians emerged victorious against the Almohads, causing them to scatter.

• The Muslim territories formed a third period known as Reinos de Taifas (Taifa Kingdoms).

Anti-Almohad Rebellion and Development of Cities

This section discusses Ibn Hud's anti-Almohad rebellion in Murcia and the development of cities during this time.

Anti-Almohad Rebellion

• Starting from 1228, Ibn Hud led an anti-Almohad rebellion in Murcia.

• He conquered most parts of Al-Andalus during this rebellion.

Development of Cities

• Cities started developing, especially along the Cantabrian coast due to artisanal and commercial growth linked to the Santiago pilgrimage route.

Crown of Castilla and Monetary Systems

This section discusses the establishment of the Crown of Castilla and the introduction of new monetary systems.

Crown of Castilla

• Fernando III, son of Alfonso IX and Berenguela, unified Castilla with Leon in 1230, forming the Crown of Castilla.

Monetary Systems

• The first gold maravedis were minted in Toledo.

• Jaques money made from a silver-copper alloy was also used.

• The roles of money changers and lenders became important, especially among Jews.

New Monastic Orders

This section discusses the emergence of new monastic orders during this period.

New Monastic Orders

• Cartujos (Carthusians) settled in Catalonia, founded by San Bruno.

• Benedictines were founded in Italy by Saint Benedict.

• Dominicans (Order of Preachers) were founded by Domingo de Guzmán during the crusade against Cathars.

• Franciscans were founded by Francis of Assisi in 1209.

Expansion and Educational Institutions

This section discusses Jaime I's conquests and the rise of educational institutions during this time.

Conquests by Jaime I

• Jaime I "The Conqueror" expanded his territories significantly.

• Monasteries served as repositories for books and knowledge.

Rise of Educational Institutions

• Cathedral schools gained importance, particularly in Santiago, Toledo, Palencia, and Segovia.

• The University of Palencia was founded in 1208, followed by Salamanca a decade later.

Conquest of Mallorca and New Military Orders

This section discusses Jaime I's conquest of Mallorca and the emergence of new military orders.

Conquest of Mallorca

• Jaime I conquered the island of Mallorca in 1229 using a powerful fleet.

• This conquest laid the foundation for the first Spanish universities.

New Military Orders

• New military orders, following the model of Templars and Hospitallers, were established.

• The Order of Calatrava was founded in 1158, followed by the Order of Alcántara, both adhering to Cistercian rules.

Conquest of Valencia and Expansion

This section discusses Jaime I's conquest of Valencia and further expansion by other kingdoms.

Conquest of Valencia

• Aragonese and Catalan forces joined together to fight against the Almohads in Valencia.

• After a long siege, Valencia fell in 1238.

Other Kingdoms' Expansion

• Sancho II Capelo, king of Portugal, advanced southward.

• Fernando III of Castilla conquered Cáceres, Badajoz, and Mérida.

• Sancho VI became ruler in the Kingdom of Pamplona but lost territories across the Ebro River.

Navarra's Name Change and Control over Cordoba

This section discusses Navarra's name change and Castilla's control over Cordoba.

Navarra's Name Change

• In 1162, the Kingdom of Pamplona changed its name to the Kingdom of Navarra.

Control over Cordoba

• Jaime I took control over Cordoba around 1236.

• This allowed Castilla to establish an easier maritime route through the Guadalquivir River.

• San Sebastián was founded as a port city and summer destination.

The transcript is in Spanish, and the notes are provided in English as per the given instructions.

Unification of Castilla and León

This section discusses the unification of Castilla and León under Fernando III el Santo in 1230.

Fernando III el Santo

• Fernando III was the son of Berenguela and Alfonso IX de León.

• He unified Castilla and León in 1230, creating the Crown of Castilla.

• Fernando III was known for his intelligence, prudence, and humanity.

• His greatest achievement was conquering Andalucía.

Conquests of Jaime I El Conquistador

This section focuses on the conquests of Jaime I El Conquistador.

Jaime I El Conquistador

• Jaime I was the son of Pedro II el Católico and María de Montpellier.

• He conquered various territories, including Mallorca, Ibiza, Formentera, and parts of Valencia.

• The conquests were made possible by a powerful fleet that he had built.

• The captured territories were distributed among Catalan counts and Templars.

Reign of Fernando III

This section highlights the reign of Fernando III.

Reign of Fernando III

• Fernando III reigned for approximately 30 years, which was a prosperous period for Castilla and León.

• He was an intelligent monarch who acted with prudence and humanity.

• His major accomplishment was conquering Andalucía, although some areas remained unconquered.

Foundation of the Nasrid Dynasty

This section discusses the foundation of the Nasrid Dynasty in Granada.

Foundation of the Nasrid Dynasty

• In 1238, Muhammad ibn Alhamar founded the Nasrid Dynasty in Granada.

• The Nasrid Dynasty would be the last major Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, lasting until 1492.

Navarra and Sancho IV el Bravo

This section focuses on Navarra and the reign of Sancho IV el Bravo.

Navarra and Sancho IV el Bravo

• Sancho VII of Navarra died without heirs, and his nephew Teobaldo I took power.

• During the reign of Sancho IV el Bravo, Navarra became more influenced by France.

• The nobility played a significant role in supporting Sancho IV's claim to the throne.

Benimerines and Alfonso X el Sabio

This section discusses the Benimerines' arrival and the reign of Alfonso X el Sabio.

Benimerines and Alfonso X el Sabio

• The Benimerines, a new Islamic fundamentalist group, arrived in the region, leading to conflicts.

• Alfonso X el Sabio completed the conquest of Andalucía and Murcia, establishing borders between Christians and Nasrids.

Cultural Flourishing under Fernando IV

This section highlights cultural achievements during Fernando IV's reign.

Cultural Flourishing

• Under Fernando IV's rule, there was an extraordinary flourishing of arts and sciences.

• Notable works from this period include Historia General, Crónica General, Cantigas de Santa María.

Founding of Bilbao and Toledo Translators School

This section discusses the founding of Bilbao and the Toledo Translators School.

Founding of Bilbao and Toledo Translators School

• In 1300, Fernando IV authorized the founding of Bilbao by Don Diego López V de Haro.

• The Toledo Translators School received significant funding during this period, promoting collaboration among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in gathering information from other countries and cultures.