💂🏾 A Era das Revoluções (1/7): Revolução Inglesa - História - ENEM

Introduction to the English Revolution of the 17th Century

In this section, Professor Bustun introduces the topic of the English Revolution of the 17th century and its historical significance as the first major revolution of the bourgeoisie in Europe.

The Importance of the English Revolution

• The English Revolution lasted for almost 50 years, from 1642 to 1689.

• It preceded the French Revolution by a hundred years and marked a shift in power from absolutism and nobility to questioning their authority.

• This revolution played a crucial role in challenging absolutism and establishing a new order.

Absolutism in England

• In the 16th century, England saw the rise of absolutism under dynasties like Henry VII and Henry VIII.

• Queen Elizabeth I consolidated this form of absolutism known as "absolutismo de fato" (absolutism in practice).

• Unlike other countries with religious justifications for absolutism, England's absolutism was based on negotiations with nobility and economic sectors.

Succession Crisis and Absolutism by Right

• After Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 without an heir, her cousin James Stewart, King of Scotland, ascended to the English throne.

• The Stewarts attempted to establish "absolutismo de direito" (absolutism by right), which justified rule through religion and law.

• This differed from previous practices in England.

Conflict between Kings Stewart and Parliament

This section explores the conflicts between Kings Stewart (James I and Charles I) and Parliament during the early 17th century, leading up to the English Revolution.

Struggles over Power

• The Parliament's legal basis for opposition was rooted in Magna Carta , which stated that the king could not impose tariffs or taxes without consulting Parliament.

• The Stewarts attempted to override Parliament's authority by imposing tariffs and increasing taxes without consultation.

• This led to frequent dissolutions and reopenings of Parliament, creating tensions between the kings and the English Parliament.

The Spark of the English Revolution

• The disputes between Kings Stewart and Parliament laid the groundwork for the English Revolution of the 17th century.

• This revolution can be divided into four phases: Puritan Revolution, Commonwealth, Monarchical Restoration, and Glorious Revolution.

The Puritan Revolution

This section focuses on the initial phase of the English Revolution known as the Puritan Revolution or Civil War.

Conflict Between King Charles I and Parliament

• After dissolving Parliament again in 1642, King Charles I faced opposition from Oliver Cromwell, leader of Parliament.

• The conflict escalated into a civil war between royalist forces (supporting the king) and parliamentary forces (led by Cromwell).

Royalists vs. Parliamentary Forces

• Royalists were supported by traditional English nobility, Anglicans, Catholics, and some sections of bourgeoisie.

• Parliamentary forces were known as "Roundheads" due to their distinctive hairstyle (shaved heads).

• Oliver Cromwell formed a new model army that challenged traditional nobility within parliament.

New Model Army and Popular Support

This section explores Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army and its support base during the Puritan Revolution.

New Model Army

• The New Model Army was created by Oliver Cromwell during the Puritan Revolution.

• It allowed individuals from non-noble backgrounds to rise through ranks based on merit rather than birthright.

• Supported by a broad range of nobility including Calvinists and progressive nobles known as Gentry.

Popular Support

• The New Model Army also gained support from popular sectors such as Levellers and Diggers.

• Levellers and Diggers were urban and rural groups respectively, advocating for universal suffrage and agrarian reform.

• This popular support paralleled the role of sans-culottes in the French Revolution.

The Republic of Cromwell

This section discusses the establishment of the English Republic, also known as the Republic of Cromwell, during the 17th century.

The Rise of Oliver Cromwell

• After the execution of King Charles in 1649, Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of England and established a dictatorship known as the Protectorate.

• Cromwell encouraged maritime construction and trade development, leading to the growth of English commerce and navigation.

• He implemented Navigation Acts in 1651 to promote English shipping and restrict trade with other countries, particularly targeting Dutch dominance in international maritime trade.

Impact on England's Supremacy at Sea

• The Navigation Acts caused tensions between England and the Netherlands, resulting in conflicts that led to English naval supremacy.

• England's victory over the Dutch in these conflicts solidified their dominance at sea throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.

The Glorious Revolution

This section explores the Glorious Revolution that took place in 1688 and its impact on British monarchy.

Peaceful Transition of Power

• In 1660, after a period of monarchical restoration following Oliver Cromwell's death, Charles II became king. However, his successor James II attempted to establish absolutism.

• James II's actions led to opposition from Parliament. They invited William III of Orange (married to James II's daughter Mary Stuart) to overthrow James II peacefully.

Bill of Rights and Constitutional Monarchy

• William III accepted Parliament's invitation and invaded England. James II fled to France without resistance.

• In 1689, William III and Mary Stuart were declared joint monarchs of England. They signed the Bill of Rights, establishing a constitutional monarchy where the king's powers were limited by Parliament.

• The Bill of Rights created a parliamentary monarchy in which the monarch reigns but the government is governed by Parliament.

The Role of the Monarchy

This section discusses the role of the monarchy in modern-day England.

Limited Power of the Monarch

• Since the Glorious Revolution and the enactment of the Bill of Rights, power shifted from the monarch to Parliament. The queen or king remains as a figurehead with limited political influence.

• The prime minister holds significant power in governing England since the revolution, while the monarch's role is largely ceremonial.

Conclusion

This section summarizes how England transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy through events like Cromwell's Republic and the Glorious Revolution.

Impact on Industrial Revolution

• The establishment of a parliamentary monarchy during this period was crucial for England's subsequent development, including its industrial revolution in the 18th century.

• These events also influenced other historical movements such as Enlightenment thinking and eventually led to significant changes like France's own revolution.

New Section

This section discusses the importance of the English Revolution in the 17th century and its relevance to understanding events in Europe during the 18th century.

The Significance of the English Revolution

• The English Revolution of the 17th century is an important historical event that has implications for understanding developments in Europe during the 18th century.

New Section

This section highlights the significance of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in shaping the modern world.

The Impact of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution

• The Enlightenment played a crucial role in world history, leading to significant changes such as the Industrial Revolution.

• The Industrial Revolution was not solely caused by one factor but was influenced by various factors.

• Understanding these historical periods, particularly the 18th century, is essential as it laid the foundation for our modern world.

New Section

This section emphasizes key topics like Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and French Revolution, which are important for various fields of study.

Key Topics: Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and French Revolution