How menopause affects the brain | Lisa Mosconi

How menopause affects the brain | Lisa Mosconi

Introduction and Overview

In this section, the speaker introduces herself as a neuroscientist and discusses the importance of understanding the differences between male and female brains. She highlights that while there is no gender-specific brain, there are certain differences that can impact women's health.

Women's Brain and Gender Differences

  • The speaker emphasizes that there is no such thing as a gender-specific brain.
  • Traditional gender stereotypes, such as associating pink with girls and blue with boys, have no relation to brain structure.
  • However, there are some differences in the brains of women compared to men.
  • Women are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders, depression, headaches, migraines, and Alzheimer's disease.
  • The speaker launched the "Women's Brain Initiative" to study these differences and their impact on women's health.

Menopause and Brain Aging

This section focuses on how menopause plays a significant role in women's brain aging.

Hormonal Interactions and Brain Aging

  • The brain interacts with other systems in the body, including the reproductive system.
  • Hormones play a crucial role in these interactions.
  • Testosterone levels decrease gradually in men with age but without noticeable symptoms.
  • Estrogen levels decline during menopause in women, leading to various neurological symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia, memory lapses, and mood changes.

Impact of Estrogen on Brain Energy

  • Estrogen (specifically estradiol) is essential for energy production in the brain.
  • High estrogen levels promote neuronal activity and energy generation through glucose metabolism.
  • When estrogen decreases during menopause, neurons slow down their activity and age more rapidly.
  • This process can contribute to the formation of amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Brain Changes during Menopause

This section explores the specific brain regions affected by menopause and how it can impact women's well-being.

Brain Regions Affected by Estrogen Decline

  • The hypothalamus, responsible for regulating body temperature, is affected by estrogen decline, leading to hot flashes.
  • The brainstem, involved in sleep-wake cycles, can be impacted by reduced estrogen levels, causing sleep problems.
  • The amygdala and hippocampus, related to emotions and memory, may experience changes in mood and forgetfulness.

Brain Imaging Results

  • PET scans show a significant decrease in brain energy levels after menopause compared to pre-menopausal stages.
  • Women generally experience a gradual decline in brain energy during the transition to menopause, regardless of their age.

Understanding Menopausal Brain Changes

In this final section, the speaker addresses concerns about cognitive performance during menopause and reassures women that their experiences are valid.

Validating Women's Experiences

  • Many women feel that their minds are playing tricks on them during menopause.
  • It is important to acknowledge that these experiences are real and not dismiss them as mere imagination or craziness.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the sensitivity of women's midlife brains to hormonal aging compared to chronological aging.

In conclusion, this talk highlights the impact of menopause on women's brain health. It emphasizes that while there is no gender-specific brain structure, there are differences between male and female brains. Menopause plays a significant role in women's brain aging due to hormonal changes. Understanding these changes can help validate women's experiences and provide support for managing symptoms associated with menopausal transitions.

O declínio do estrogênio e as placas amiloides

Nesta seção, a palestrante discute a relação entre o declínio do estrogênio e a formação de placas amiloides, associadas ao Alzheimer.

Aumento das placas durante a menopausa

  • Durante a transição para a menopausa, as mulheres experimentam um grande aumento na formação de placas amiloides.
  • Nem todas as mulheres desenvolvem essas placas e nem todas com placas desenvolvem demência.
  • Ter as placas é um fator de risco, mas não é um diagnóstico definitivo.

Início do mal de Alzheimer na meia-idade

  • Estudos mostram que o mal de Alzheimer começa com alterações negativas no cérebro anos antes dos sintomas clínicos.
  • Para as mulheres, esse processo parece começar na meia-idade durante a menopausa.
  • Isso fornece uma linha do tempo para procurar essas mudanças.

Risco aumentado após intervenções médicas

  • A remoção cirúrgica do útero e/ou ovários antes da menopausa está relacionada a um maior risco de demência em mulheres.
  • É importante conscientizar sobre essa correlação para que as mulheres possam tomar decisões informadas sobre procedimentos médicos.

Protegendo o cérebro durante a menopausa

Nesta seção, são discutidas estratégias para proteger o cérebro durante a menopausa, sem depender apenas de terapia hormonal.

Alimentação e estilo de vida

  • A dieta mediterrânea é favorável à saúde da mulher e está associada a um menor risco de declínio cognitivo, depressão, doenças cardíacas, acidente vascular cerebral e câncer.
  • Alimentos como sementes de linhaça, sementes de gergelim, damascos secos, legumes e frutas contêm fitoestrogênios que agem como estrogênios leves no corpo.
  • Reduzir o estresse é importante para equilibrar os hormônios. O cortisol, principal hormônio do estresse, trabalha em equilíbrio com o estrógeno.

Terapia hormonal não recomendada para prevenção de demência

  • A terapia hormonal pode ser útil para aliviar sintomas como ondas de calor, mas atualmente não é recomendada para prevenção de demência.
  • Estudos estão sendo realizados para testar diferentes formulações e dosagens que possam levar a mudanças nas recomendações futuras.

Mudando a maneira como entendemos o cérebro feminino

Nesta seção final, destaca-se a importância de mudar a compreensão do cérebro feminino e cuidar dele adequadamente.

Cuidando do cérebro feminino

  • Mudar a maneira como entendemos o cérebro feminino muda a forma como cuidamos dele e estruturamos a saúde da mulher.
  • Informações sobre os impactos da menopausa no cérebro devem ser amplamente divulgadas entre as mulheres.
  • Além de terapia hormonal, há outras medidas que podem ser tomadas para proteger o cérebro, como alimentação saudável e redução do estresse.

Conclusão

  • Quanto mais mulheres tiverem acesso a informações sobre o cérebro feminino durante a menopausa, melhor poderão cuidar de sua saúde cerebral.
Channel: TED
Video description

Visit http://TED.com to get our entire library of TED Talks, transcripts, translations, personalized talk recommendations and more. Many of the symptoms of menopause -- hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia, memory lapses, depression and anxiety -- start in the brain. How exactly does menopause impact cognitive health? Sharing groundbreaking findings from her research, neuroscientist Lisa Mosconi reveals how decreasing hormonal levels affect brain aging -- and shares simple lifestyle changes you can make to support lifelong brain health. The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. You're welcome to link to or embed these videos, forward them to others and share these ideas with people you know. For more information on using TED for commercial purposes (e.g. employee learning, in a film or online course), submit a Media Request here: http://media-requests.TED.com Follow TED on Twitter: http://twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: http://facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: http://youtube.com/TED