Importar de china a Perú 2023 - Alibaba / Poco Capital

How to Import from China in 2023

Introduction and Overview

• Eduardo welcomes viewers to the channel, introducing himself and Astrid, emphasizing their expertise in imports and digital marketing.

• He encourages viewers to subscribe for updates on new videos and hints at a cost-saving trick for air imports from China that will be revealed later.

Basic Concepts of Importation

• Eduardo clarifies that the import process is similar across Latin America, with specific examples focused on Peru.

• He defines an import as acquiring goods or services from another country, highlighting two regimes in Peru: simplified and definitive importation.

Import Regimes in Peru

• The simplified regime allows imports valued between $0 and $2000, while the definitive regime applies to higher values.

• Individuals with a DNI or foreign residency card can import under certain conditions; annual limits are set at $3000 for individuals.

Conditions for Natural Persons

• Natural persons can make up to three separate imports per year, each not exceeding $1000.

• Business owners (RUT 10 or RUT 20) have different regulations; RUT 10 allows up to $2000 monthly imports while RUT 20 permits unlimited imports after registering as an importer.

Understanding Incoterms

• Eduardo introduces Incoterms as international commercial terms that define responsibilities between buyers and sellers during transactions.

• These terms help avoid misunderstandings by clearly outlining obligations related to shipping costs, insurance, and delivery points.

Key Incoterms Explained

• Four main Incoterms are discussed:

• EXW (Ex Works): Seller's responsibility ends when goods are made available at their premises.

• FOB (Free On Board): Seller covers costs until goods reach the shipping port.

• CIF (Cost Insurance Freight): Includes product price plus freight and insurance costs.

• DDP (Delivered Duty Paid): Seller bears all risks until goods reach buyer’s location.

Incoterms and Importation Processes

Understanding Incoterms in Maritime and Aerial Shipping

• The term "incoterm" refers to international commercial terms used to define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in shipping. For example, when importing a product like a cellphone costing $300 from China, additional costs such as freight are factored into the total cost.

• When calculating import costs, the CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) value is determined by adding the product price ($300), freight charges ($50), and insurance (0.75% of the total). This sum establishes the basis for customs duties.

• The DAP (Delivered at Place) incoterm indicates that products are delivered to a specified destination without including nationalization expenses or tariffs. It is recommended for air imports.

• A visual representation of incoterms illustrates buyer and seller responsibilities. For instance, under EXW (Ex Works), responsibility shifts from seller to buyer once goods leave the factory.

• Commonly used incoterms include ZIP for tax calculations and DAP for delivery terms. These simplify understanding import processes.

Key Concepts in Product Valuation

• The product's value is categorized into different pricing structures:

• Sword Price: Cost at the factory.

• FOB Price: Factory cost plus local transport to port.

• CIF Value: Factory cost plus international transport and insurance.

• Customs evaluates all imported products based on their CIF value to determine applicable taxes. This valuation process is crucial for compliance with import regulations.

Importation Regimes Explained

• There are two main regimes for imports: Simplified Importation and Definitive Importation. Focus will be on Simplified Importation due to its relevance for first-time importers.

• Under Simplified Importation, goods valued under $200 can be imported duty-free. If valued between $200-$2000, fixed duties apply—4% tariff and 18% VAT calculated on CIF value.

• It's essential to note that customs calculates these percentages based on CIF values rather than just factory prices or FOB prices.

Documentation Requirements

• For simplified imports via courier services like Serpost in Peru, only a commercial invoice and tracking number are required for processing shipments efficiently.

Tax Implications of Simplified Imports

• Goods valued below $200 incur no taxes, presenting an opportunity for new importers to minimize costs effectively while starting their businesses.

• If goods exceed $200 but remain under $2000, they incur a 4% tariff on CIF value plus an 18% VAT; this structure encourages small-scale importing while ensuring compliance with tax obligations.

Importación y Cálculo de Tributos

Proceso de Importación y Cálculo de Costos

• La aduana requiere el pago del seguro para calcular el precio CIF, que es un valor ficticio utilizado en la determinación de costos.

• Las importaciones son clasificadas aleatoriamente por aduanas en canales verde, naranja o rojo, lo que determina el nivel de control sobre los paquetes.

• Un paquete en canal verde tiene levante automático, mientras que uno en canal naranja requiere revisión documentaria. El canal rojo implica una revisión física del producto.

• Si se determina que el costo declarado no es correcto, aduanas puede ajustar el valor y aplicar tributos más altos.

• En importaciones por courier, los paquetes generalmente caen en canal verde o rojo; la mayoría pasa por canal verde si toda la documentación está correcta.

Ejemplo Práctico de Importación

• Se presenta un ejemplo donde una persona importa dos celulares desde AliExpress con un costo total de 350 dólares. Esta importación sí paga tributos porque supera los 200 dólares.

• El costo del envío internacional fue de 100 dólares, lo que incrementa el total a considerar para impuestos y aranceles al llegar a Perú.

• Para calcular el seguro, se suma el valor del producto (350 USD) más el flete (100 USD), resultando en un total de 450 USD sobre el cual se aplica un porcentaje para determinar el seguro.

Cálculo Detallado de Impuestos

• El valor CIF se calcula sumando productos, flete y seguro. En este caso: 350 + 100 + 3.37 = 453.37 USD.

• A este valor se le aplica un arancel del 4% (18.13 USD), ya que excede los 200 dólares requeridos para tributar.

• Además, se calcula IGV como el 18% sobre la suma del CIF más aranceles; esto resulta en un impuesto adicional significativo (84.87 USD).

Totalización y Gastos Finales

• Los tributos totales a pagar son la suma del arancel (18.13 USD) y IGV (84.87 USD), dando un total aproximado de 103 USD.

• Se añaden gastos administrativos adicionales cobrados por FedEx (63.72 USD), elevando así los costos finales a aproximadamente 616.72 USD para esta importación específica.

Importación Simplificada: Beneficios y Consideraciones

Beneficios de la Importación Simplificada

• La importación simplificada permite realizar importaciones sin necesidad de un agente de aduanas, facilitando el proceso para los nuevos importadores.

• Para quienes tienen poco capital, es posible importar productos menores a 200 dólares sin pagar impuestos, lo que ayuda a generar capital inicial.

Límites de Importación

• Con RUC no hay límite en las importaciones, mientras que con DNI se permiten solo tres importaciones al año, cada una con un valor máximo de mil dólares.

• Las importaciones menores a 200 dólares no tienen límite tanto para RUC como para DNI, siempre que sean para uso personal.

Tipos de Mercancía en Importaciones

Clasificación de Mercancías

• Existen tres tipos principales de mercancías: permitidas (sin permisos especiales), restringidas (requieren permisos específicos), y prohibidas (no se pueden ingresar).

• Ejemplos de mercancías permitidas incluyen zapatillas y peluches; las restringidas incluyen celulares y cosméticos que requieren permisos ante entidades como DIGESA o MTC.

Errores Comunes en Importación

• Un error frecuente entre novatos es comprar productos restringidos sin verificar su estatus legal, lo que puede resultar en pérdida o almacenamiento costoso.

Verificación del Estatus Legal del Producto

Proceso para Verificar Restricciones

• Para verificar si un producto es restringido, se debe solicitar al proveedor el código arancelario (HS code).

• Este código permite consultar en el sistema SUNAT si el producto tiene restricciones o es libre.

Ejemplo Práctico: Auriculares

• Al buscar la partida arancelaria para auriculares inalámbricos, se confirma que son un producto libre sin restricciones.

Ejemplo Práctico: Celulares

Requisitos Específicos para Celulares

• Los celulares requieren homologación ante el Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones (MTC), lo cual es crucial antes de realizar la compra e importación.

Trámites Necesarios para Permisos

Entidades Reguladoras y Trámites

• Se deben tramitar permisos ante diferentes entidades según el tipo de producto; por ejemplo:

• DIGESA: alimentos y juguetes.

• MTC: celulares y drones.

Importación Aérea: Documentos y Proveedores

Importancia de los Documentos en la Importación

• Para realizar una importación aérea, es crucial contar con tres documentos importantes, siendo la proforma el primero. Se recomienda contactar a varios proveedores antes de comprar directamente en Alibaba.

• La factura comercial debe incluir datos del vendedor como dirección, teléfono y correo, así como detalles del producto y del importador, incluyendo RUC y datos de contacto.

• Es esencial que la factura contenga el incoterm acordado y el método de pago; se sugiere especificar si se paga a través de Alibaba para mayor seguridad.

Ejemplo Práctico de Factura Comercial

• Se presenta un ejemplo visual de una factura comercial que incluye todos los datos necesarios tanto del proveedor como del importador.

• La factura debe detallar ítems como descripción del producto, cantidad, precio unitario y total, además del costo de envío internacional.

Métodos de Envío Aéreo: Opciones Disponibles

Empresas Courier Recomendadas

• Los couriers nacionales son más económicos pero tienen tiempos largos (1 a 3 meses). No son recomendables si se necesita rapidez en la entrega.

• Las empresas privadas como DHL, FedEx y UPS son las más recomendadas por su rapidez (7 a 10 días), aunque sus costos son más altos.

Consideraciones sobre Costos

• Aunque los costos de flete con couriers privados son elevados, ofrecen el método más rápido para envíos pequeños. Es recomendable usar estos servicios para productos ligeros.

Métodos de Pago en Importaciones

Seguridad en Pagos Iniciales

• Al iniciar con las importaciones, es aconsejable utilizar la plataforma de Alibaba para pagos. Esto permite abrir disputas si hay problemas con el producto recibido.

Alternativas y Consejos Adicionales

• Otras opciones incluyen Western Union o transferencias internacionales; sin embargo, no se recomiendan para principiantes.

Importing Basics: Starting with Alibaba

Introduction to Importing Platforms

• Eduardo emphasizes that Alibaba is the primary platform recommended for beginners in importing due to its reliable suppliers.

• It’s crucial to know how to find verified suppliers on Alibaba before making any purchases, as not all providers are trustworthy.

Other Importing Platforms

• Alternatives like AliExpress and Amazon exist; however, AliExpress is suited for small quantities while Alibaba caters to larger orders.

• Other platforms mentioned include eBay and Walmart for various products, but starting with Alibaba is advised for those new to importing from China.

Steps for Successful Importing

• Before initiating imports, users must register on the chosen platform. A video guide on creating an account on Alibaba will be provided.

• Understanding criteria for selecting reliable suppliers is essential; searching in English and using specific filters can help ensure quality.

Finding Verified Suppliers

• When searching for products (e.g., smartwatches), it’s important not to contact the first supplier found; thorough vetting is necessary.

• Users should check boxes indicating commercial guarantees and verified suppliers when searching on Alibaba to filter results effectively.

Evaluating Supplier Credibility

• An example of a credible supplier includes one with a long market presence, high ratings, and significant transaction history.

• Contact at least three different suppliers to compare prices and conditions before making a decision.

Contacting Suppliers Effectively

• Eduardo plans future videos detailing real-time interactions with Chinese suppliers based on established criteria.

• For inquiries or assistance, viewers are encouraged to reach out through provided contact links in the video description.

Template for Supplier Communication

• A basic template for contacting suppliers includes introducing oneself as an importer interested in purchasing specific quantities of products.

Importing Goods: A Step-by-Step Guide

Using Translation Tools for Communication

• If you don't speak English, you can use Google Translate to communicate with suppliers. You can draft your message in your language and send it to the supplier, who will respond promptly, usually within 24 hours.

Selecting a Supplier

• After receiving quotes from multiple suppliers, compare prices, quality, and benefits offered by each before making a selection.

• Once you've chosen a supplier, request the payment link from Alibaba that outlines all agreed terms.

Importation Process Overview

• The video provides an overview of the importation process through Alibaba and offers consulting services for imports and digital marketing.

Understanding Shipping Costs

• High shipping costs can significantly impact profitability when importing goods. It's essential to consider these costs during the planning phase.

Triangulation Method for Cost Efficiency

• The triangulation method is introduced as a solution for high shipping costs. Instead of shipping directly from China to Peru, goods are sent from China to the U.S., then to Peru.

• This method requires careful cost analysis to determine if it's financially viable compared to direct shipping.

Recommendations for Triangulation

• The triangulation method is best suited for shipments weighing no more than 10–12 kilos.

• When using this method, ask your Chinese supplier for freight quotes specifically from China to Miami and provide package weight and volume details.

Practical Example of Import Cost Analysis

• A practical example illustrates how one individual calculated their import costs using simplified methods. They aim to bring in smart bands at $3.20 each with an order of 100 units.

Breakdown of Costs

• The total product value amounts to $320 (100 units x $3.20). Since this exceeds $200, it incurs taxes automatically.

Shipping Details

• The shipment via DHL was quoted at $180 plus administrative fees of $11.80; understanding these charges is crucial for accurate cost assessment.

Importing Costs and Calculations

Understanding Import Costs

• The initial value for the product is set at $180, with a specific insurance cost calculated as 0.75% of this value, resulting in an insurance fee of $2.40.

• The total customs value (CIF) includes the product value, international freight, and insurance, totaling $502.40.

Calculating Customs Duties

• For simplified imports, customs duties are calculated at 4% of the customs value; thus, the duty amounts to $20.10.

• The IGV (Value Added Tax) is computed based on the sum of customs value and duties, leading to a tax payment of $94.05.

Administrative Fees and Additional Costs

• Total taxes include both customs duties and IGV, amounting to $114.15 in administrative fees according to DHL's updated tariff for 2023.

• A link will be provided for downloading DHL's current tariff schedule which outlines additional costs based on shipment weight.

Breakdown of Additional Charges

• If the shipment weight is between 0 and 2000 kg, there’s a fixed charge of $10 plus an additional fee of $21 for tariffs and taxes; hence total administrative costs reach $31 before tax adjustments.

• This total ($31) must be multiplied by 1.18 to account for IGV since these charges are initially quoted without tax.

Commission Fees from Alibaba

• Alibaba charges a commission rate of 2.95%, calculated on the combined total of product cost plus freight expenses.

• The overall importation cost combines product price, freight charges, taxes, administrative fees, and Alibaba's commission totaling approximately $665.48 or about S/.2595 at an exchange rate of 3.90.

Profit Analysis

• Selling price per unit in Peru is estimated around S/.60 with a unit cost derived from dividing total import costs by quantity (100 units), yielding approximately $6.65 per item.

• Profit per watch sold equals selling price minus import cost; total profit across all units results in S/.3400 if all watches are sold successfully.

Conclusion on Import Strategy

• This example illustrates how to calculate air importation costs effectively using any courier service from China to Peru or other Latin American countries while noting that tax structures may vary slightly by country.

• Resources including Excel templates and invoice examples will be shared via links for further assistance in managing import processes efficiently.

Importing from China to Peru: A Comprehensive Guide

Overview of the Import Process

• The video concludes with a summary of the importation process from China to Peru or Latin America, emphasizing its profitability in 2023.

• Viewers are encouraged to subscribe to the channel, like the video, and click the notification bell for updates on new content.