🥇 ANATOMÍA DEL PALADAR. -Músculos, Inervación, Irrigación- ¡Fácil Explicación!

Anatomy of the Palate

Introduction to the Palate

• The video introduces the anatomy of the palate, emphasizing its significance as a structure separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

• The palate serves dual functions: it acts as the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity.

Structure of the Palate

• The palate is divided into two main portions:

• The anterior two-thirds, known as the hard palate, characterized by a bony framework.

• The posterior third, referred to as the soft palate or velum, which lacks bone and is mobile.

Detailed Anatomy

• The hard palate is also called "bóveda palatina" and can be felt directly behind the teeth; it provides structural support.

• In contrast, the soft palate is flexible and plays a role in swallowing and speech.

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Specific Anatomical Features

• The hard palate aligns with vertebrae C2-C3 in adults but is positioned higher in infants.

• It consists of:

• Anteriorly formed by palatine processes of maxillary bones.

• Posteriorly formed by horizontal plates of palatine bones.

Mucosal Lining and Glands

• The upper surface (nasal side) has mucosa while its lower surface (oral side) features different epithelium with salivary glands not found above.

• Salivary glands present in this area are termed minor salivary glands or palatine glands.

Shape and Functionality

Palate Anatomy and Function

Overview of Palatine Structures

• The palatine midline, known as 'el rafi', features a prominent extension behind the upper incisors called the incisive papilla, which is more pronounced than the surrounding area.

• Some individuals exhibit a median elevation in the palate referred to as the torus palatinus, which can be significantly enlarged due to certain diseases.

Soft Palate Characteristics

• The soft palate constitutes the posterior third of the palate and is composed of muscular fibers, making it mobile compared to the immobile hard palate.

• A central structure called 'the uvula' is visible when people speak; it moves during vocalization, particularly noted in animated characters like Homer Simpson.

Arches and Their Functions

• Two arches are associated with the soft palate:

• The anterior arch connects to the tongue (glossoarch).

• The posterior arch extends from the palate to the pharynx (pharyngeal arch).

• These arches are formed by mucosal folds that contain underlying muscles crucial for swallowing and speech.

Muscles of the Soft Palate

• The palatoglossus muscle forms part of the anterior arch while another muscle contributes to forming the posterior arch. Both play significant roles in oral functions.

• Understanding these arches helps clarify their role in separating oral cavities from nasal passages during activities such as swallowing.

Aponeurosis and Muscle Connections

• Five key muscles are associated with the soft palate:

• They connect through a fibrous tissue known as aponeurosis palatina, derived from other muscle tendons.

Specific Muscles Involved

• One important muscle is tensor veli palatini, which inserts along the posterior edge of the hard palate and influences its tension during movement.

• Another critical muscle is palatopharyngeus, originating at aponeurosis palatina and inserting into various structures within pharynx.

Functional Dynamics During Swallowing

• When these muscles contract, they form an anatomical ring that closes off communication between oral cavity and oropharynx effectively during swallowing.

Understanding the Function of Pharyngeal Muscles

The Role of Posterior Pillars in Phonation

• The posterior pillars, along with the velum of the palate, form a ring that closes during contraction to prevent communication between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. This action is crucial when speaking.

Anatomy of Pharyngeal Structures

• The glossus muscle forms the anterior pillar while the pharyngeal muscle creates the posterior pillar, enclosing the tonsillar fossa where the palatine tonsil resides.

Central Muscle: Gula Muscle

• The central muscle known as "muscle of the gula" originates from the posterior nasal spine and inserts into mucosa at the level of the throat, primarily functioning to elevate it.

Elevation Mechanism: Palate Muscles

• Discussion on two key muscles related to palate elevation:

• Levator veli palatini (also called peristaphyline internal), originating near temporal bone and carotid sheath.

• Its function is to elevate both soft palate and pharynx during swallowing and speaking.

Tensor Veli Palatini's Role

• The tensor veli palatini originates from various structures including scaphoid fossa and helps tense the soft palate while also assisting in opening Eustachian tube.

Distinction Between Internal and External Muscles

• Clarification on naming conventions:

• Internal refers to levator which elevates; external refers to tensor which tenses.

Insertion Points and Functions

• Both muscles insert into palatine aponeurosis; their actions are vital for proper functioning during speech and swallowing.

Irrigation and Innervation of the Palate

Overview of Maxillary Artery

• The internal maxillary artery is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery, playing a crucial role in supplying blood to the palate.

• It divides into anterior and posterior branches; only the anterior is visible in the current image, while the posterior branch is obscured.

Branches and Anastomosis

• The anterior branch gives rise to the greater palatine artery, also known as the sphenopalatine artery, which enters through the incisive foramen to anastomose with other arteries.

• The ascending palatine artery passes over the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx, contributing to blood supply at the back of the palate.

Sensory Innervation

• Sensory innervation primarily comes from cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve), specifically its maxillary division (V2), along with contributions from glossopharyngeal nerve.

• The greater palatine nerve emerges from this ganglion and travels through the greater palatine foramen towards anterior regions.

Additional Nerves Involved

• Other nerves include lesser palatine nerves that pass through accessory foramina; these assist in sensory innervation across various areas of the palate.

• The nasopalatine nerve also contributes by passing through incisive foramen, sharing its name with associated arteries.

Motor Innervation

• Motor innervation for most soft palate muscles arises from a plexus formed mainly by fibers from cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve).

• All muscles except tensor veli palatini are innervated via this plexus; tensor veli palatini receives its motor supply from a branch of mandibular division (V3).

Summary on Contributions