Las MAQUINAS ELECTRICAS y el SISTEMA ELECTRICO DE POTENCIA (SEP) ➤ Transformador, Motor y Generador⚡

Introduction to Electric Machines

Overview of the Course

• The instructor welcomes students to the first class of the Electric Machines 1 course, emphasizing that previous discussions were about the course outline.

• Students are encouraged to subscribe, share, and comment on videos for continuous learning.

Importance of Electric Machines

• The lecture focuses on the significance of electric machines in power systems, which consist of generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

Electric Power Generation Process

Role of Generators

• A generator is introduced as a crucial machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• The output from generators is typically medium voltage (8 to 23 kilovolts), which is then transmitted through conductors.

Substation Functionality

• Medium voltage electricity is directed towards a substation where it undergoes transformation for efficient transmission.

Transformers and Voltage Elevation

Purpose of Elevating Voltage

• The substation elevates medium voltage to extra high voltage (above 220 kilovolts) using transformers to minimize current during long-distance transmission.

Economic Considerations

• Transmitting at lower voltages leads to higher currents causing losses due to Joule heating; thus, higher voltages are more economical for long distances.

Transmission System Overview

Long-Distance Transmission

• High-voltage transmission lines can extend over hundreds of kilometers; this necessitates reducing current while increasing voltage for efficiency.

Equipment in Substations

• Key equipment includes transformers and protective devices within substations that manage electricity flow effectively.

Reducing Voltage for Distribution

Transition from Extra High Tension

• After reaching another substation at extra high tension, transformers reduce voltage levels suitable for local distribution (e.g., down to 60 or 110 kilovolts).

Geographic Considerations

Understanding Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems

Overview of High Voltage Transmission

• The entry of high voltage transmission lines into large cities is regulated by international norms due to health impact concerns. This often necessitates reducing the voltage levels, for instance, from extra high tension to 60 kilovolts or lower.

• Once the voltage is reduced, electricity can enter urban areas through subtransmission lines. These lines are less robust than main transmission towers and run along streets and avenues.

Transformation and Reduction of Voltage

• Electricity arrives at a substation where it undergoes further transformation. It enters at high tension (e.g., 60 kilovolts) and is transformed down to medium tension levels (10, 20, or 22.9 kilovolts), depending on national standards.

• The process involves multiple transformations to minimize power loss during transmission. Each step aims to ensure that energy remains economically viable while reaching its destination.

Transition from Medium Tension to Distribution

• After reaching medium tension, the system transitions into a distribution network. This phase includes both transmission lines and subtransmission systems that facilitate further distribution.

• At this stage, electricity continues in medium tension but begins branching out into various networks designed for specific distribution needs across different regions.

Final Steps in Energy Distribution

• The final transformation occurs when electricity is converted from medium tension to low tension within a distribution substation. This makes it suitable for consumer use in homes and businesses.

• Different types of substations exist—overhead, compact, conventional—and they play crucial roles in managing how electricity is distributed at lower voltages.

Circuits and Consumer Supply

• From low tension networks emerge several circuits catering to diverse consumer needs:

• SP (Service Particular): Supplies individual households.

• AP (Alumbrado Público): Powers public lighting systems.

• Additional circuits may be established for specialized loads such as schools or small businesses requiring dedicated supply lines based on their contracted power needs.

Summary of Secondary Distribution Networks

• The networks derived from low tension are classified as secondary distribution systems. They include primary lines that operate at lower voltages tailored for residential or commercial use.

Electric Power Distribution Systems

Overview of Electric Power Systems

• The electric power system consists of three main components: generation, transmission, and distribution.

• Generators and transformers are crucial machines in this system; without generators, electricity would not exist.

Importance of Electric Motors

• Electric motors play a significant role in various applications, including small industries and residential services. They are essential for tasks such as powering electrobombs.

• Asynchronous electric motors are commonly found in industries, highlighting the diversity of electric motor applications.

Complexity of the Electric System

• The simplified model discussed does not reflect the complexity of real-world systems, which include multiple generation plants, substations, transmission lines, and distribution networks.

• A comprehensive understanding requires recognizing that an entire country's electrical system is vast and interconnected with numerous machines like generators and transformers.

Generation Process Explained

• To generate electricity, mechanical energy is required as input to a generator; this energy typically comes from turbines connected to the generator via an axis.

• Different types of turbines (hydraulic or thermal) convert various forms of energy into mechanical energy for electricity generation. For instance:

• Hydraulic turbines utilize water's kinetic energy.

• Thermal plants use steam or gas to drive their turbines.

Types of Turbines Used in Generation

• In hydraulic power plants, different turbine types (Kaplan, Pelton, Francis) convert water's kinetic energy into mechanical energy for generators.

• In thermal power plants (e.g., biomass or fossil fuel), steam under high pressure drives turbines to produce necessary mechanical energy for electricity generation. This process involves converting thermal energy into mechanical work through steam or gas turbines.

Conclusion on Electrical Machines

• Understanding electrical machines' roles—generators, transformers, and motors—is vital for grasping how they function within the electric power system.