Evolución histórica de los materiales | 2/93 | UPV
Evolution of Materials
In this presentation, David García Noguera discusses the historical evolution of materials, focusing on the four main types: metals, polymers, composites, and ceramics.
Metals Evolution
- Metals have shown an increasing trend in importance from 10,000 years ago to the mid-20th century due to advancements in refining techniques.
- Initially, only precious metals like gold and silver were available around 10,000 BC. Subsequently, copper and bronze were utilized for tools before iron gained significance.
- The Bronze Age and Iron Age marked pivotal moments in material technology. Later developments included cast iron in the 16th century and steel in the 19th century for enhanced mechanical strength.
Polymers Progression
- Polymer evolution saw a decrease in relative importance compared to other materials post-1960 due to increased production of alternative materials.
- Polymers trace back to early history with basic materials like skins and fibers evolving into complex synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyethylene, polycarbonate, and more by the 20th century.
Composite Materials Development
- Composite materials initially held little significance but regained attention from the 1970s onwards with advancements leading to modern applications like fiberglass for pools or carbon fiber for motorcycle chassis.
- Historical composite materials include wood (a natural composite), concrete reinforced with metal (ferrocement), and modern innovations like fiberglass used widely today.
Detailed Material Evolution Analysis
The speaker discusses the evolution of materials over time, highlighting shifts in importance and properties of various materials.
Frontal Transformador Espacial and Material Importance
- Discusses the significance of frontal transformador espacial.
- Mentions the historical changes in material importance, with metals regaining significance in the mid-20th century.
Evolution of Materials
The evolution of materials from stone to advanced ceramics is explored, emphasizing their roles in toolmaking and high-temperature applications.
Stone to Ceramics Advancement
- Stone's role as a primary construction element for tools.
- Progression towards glass, cement, refractory ceramics for high temperatures.
- Introduction of Portland cement and impact-resistant ceramics as advancements.
Current Trends in Material Properties
Current trends in material properties are discussed, focusing on achieving specific characteristics while reducing energy costs and environmental impact.
Contemporary Material Trends
- Historical influences on material evolution.
- Shift towards homogenizing material properties for weight reduction.
Desired Material Characteristics
Desired material characteristics include reduced energy costs, weight, pollution, increased strength, and biodegradability.
Key Points on Material Characteristics
- Decrease in energy costs and weight alongside low densities for polymers.
- Emphasis on enhancing strength through known or composite materials.