La Convivencia - Segundo gobierno de Manuel Pardo Ugarteche

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In this section, Professor Jorge Paico introduces the history class focusing on the government characterized by an agreement between the Aprista party and the administration. The discussion delves into the second term of President Manuel Prado Ugarteche from 1956 to 1962, known as the "Convivencia" period due to the accord between Apra and the government.

Government of Manuel Odría (1948-1956)

• Manuel Odría's regime lasted from 1948 to 1956, marked by his rise to power through a coup against President Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero.

• The "Restaurador de Arequipa" movement led by Odría was anti-Aprista, reflecting social unrest stemming from conflicts between Apra, Congress, and Bustamante's government.

• Odría's governance was characterized by dictatorship and social oppression, leading to Apra labeling it as "bread without freedom" due to subsidies amid dictatorial rule.

Second Term of Manuel Prado Ugarteche (1956-1962)

• Prado Ugarteche won the presidency in 1956 with Apra support after a period of Aprista persecution under previous administrations.

• His administration saw the repeal of the Internal Security Law, allowing Apra leader Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre to return to Peru after seeking asylum abroad.

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This part discusses how Prado Ugarteche's government promoted democratic freedoms by repealing repressive laws like the Internal Security Law. It also highlights his collaboration with Apra, leading to their reintegration into national politics during this period known as "Convivencia."

Repeal of Repressive Laws

• Prado Ugarteche prioritized respecting democratic liberties and revoked repressive laws like the Internal Security Law enacted during previous regimes.

• The repeal of such laws facilitated Apra's return to national politics, symbolizing a period of reconciliation termed "Convivencia," signifying peaceful coexistence between political factions.

Impact on National Politics

• Haya de la Torre's return in 1957 marked a significant event as he later played a crucial role in presiding over constitutional amendments in 1978.

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This segment explores internal challenges faced by Prado Ugarteche's administration concerning rural issues arising from neglect during previous regimes. It also touches upon student protests and peasant movements demanding attention towards rural problems.

Rural Challenges

• Prado Ugarteche grappled with rural issues exacerbated by neglect during earlier administrations that favored coastal production over highland agriculture.

Student Protests and Peasant Movements

• Student protests erupted at various universities demanding solutions for rural problems neglected under past governments.

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Here we delve into military restructuring efforts undertaken during Prado Ugarteche's term through initiatives like creating a Joint Command for Armed Forces. Additionally, it discusses his collaboration with Apra and their reemergence in national politics.

Military Restructuring

• The establishment of a Joint Command for Armed Forces aimed at enhancing military organization under central governance structures.

Political Collaboration with Apra

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This section discusses significant international events that impacted Peru, including the Cuban Revolution and its influence on Latin America.

Impact of the Cuban Revolution

• The 1959 victory of the Cuban Revolution led to the emergence of guerrilla movements in Latin America.

• Fidel Castro, supported by Ernesto Guevara, expelled US representatives from Cuba in 1956, initiating a period that seemed like freedom but turned out worse than before.

• The Cuban Revolution influenced guerrilla movements not only in Peru but also in Bolivia and Colombia, leading to negative impacts as some movements demanded unsuitable conditions.

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This section delves into economic aspects during Manuel Prado Ugarteche's government and key events during his tenure.

Economic Policies and Events

• President JFK initiated the Alliance for Progress in Latin America, providing economic aid for ten years to countries with struggling economies like Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

• During Ugarteche's government (1956-1962), support was given to the rural sector in Peru's highlands. His term ended with elections in 1962 where no candidate secured a clear majority.