MK PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

Introduction

The instructor welcomes the students to the class and introduces the topic of qualitative and quantitative research methods.

Qualitative Research Methods

• Research is about finding or solving problems.

• Qualitative research methods are used to find explanations related to root causes of conflicts or problems.

• These methods help in understanding various aspects of conflicts or problems, such as patterns, triggers, and ways to overcome them.

• Creswell and Club identified four paradigms for research: positivism, constructivism, participatory, and pragmatic.

Methodology

• There is a tendency to use philosophical assumptions in causal methodology.

• Different strategies can be used for qualitative research such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case studies, narrative analysis and action research.

• Researchers should focus on one concept or phenomenon at a time while collecting data from participants.

• Researchers must choose applicable methods that can answer their research questions.

Designing Research

• Researchers must determine which method they will use to answer their research question.

• It is important to validate findings by contacting experts who understand the problem being researched.

• Researchers should not only rely on theoretical concepts but also determine which method will best answer their specific research question.

Clarification Stage

• This stage requires researchers to find evidence and indicators that support assumptions for formulating realistic and useful research objectives.

Conclusion (if available)

If there is a conclusion section in the transcript it will be summarized here.

Research Clarification

This section discusses the research clarification process, which involves finding and determining evidence and indicators to support assumptions for realistic and useful research objectives. The researcher searches for assumptions from answers or problem formulations.

Descriptive Study

• The first step is a descriptive study, where the researcher obtains literature reviews and conducts empirical studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of the problem's context, variables, and focus.

• The prospective study design by browsing n cakar chakrabarti is used in this stage to critically evaluate what has been produced before. It helps refine the research focus, scenario planning, method selection, and other supporting elements for effective research.

Empirical Study

• The second step is an empirical study that evaluates various findings to determine if the research objectives have been achieved. If not, it needs improvement or enhancement.

• Evaluating data quality is essential in this stage. If no data is found, then evaluation of the process must be done to assess whether the research question has been answered effectively.

Conceptual Framework

This section explains how a conceptual framework results from formulating research questions' purpose using personal experience theory and previous studies. It also covers how methods are used to validate data quality.

Research Questions

• Formulating clear research questions with specific purposes requires understanding contextual factors that influence proposal designs.

• Paradigms, settings, norms/ethics in conducting research should be considered when selecting preferred styles of conversation-based inquiry methods.

Conceptual Framework

• A conceptual framework results from formulating clear research questions with specific purposes using personal experience theory and previous studies.

• Instrument and data collection techniques must be understood to obtain quality data in research.

Introduction to Qualitative Research in Criminology

In this section, the speaker introduces the concept of qualitative research and its importance in criminology. The speaker also discusses the role of the researcher as a human instrument and the need for validation.

Understanding Qualitative Research

• Qualitative research involves validating one's understanding of qualitative research methods and mastery of knowledge related to the field being studied.

• The researcher must be prepared to understand their research object both academically and logistically.

• Qualitative research is holistic, dynamic, and comprehensive. It cannot be separated into variables.

Techniques for Data Collection

• Observation techniques include passive observation, moderate observation, active observation, complete observation, unstructured observation.

• Interview techniques include structured and unstructured interviews.

• Documentation techniques include triangulation or combining various data collection techniques and existing data sources.

Analyzing Qualitative Data

• Analyzing qualitative data involves systematically searching through collected data from interviews, field notes, etc., synthesizing it into units or categories, selecting important information to study further, and drawing conclusions that can be communicated to others.

• Analysis should begin during data collection. It should involve careful examination of data before being presented through brief descriptions or flowcharts.

• Conclusions drawn from analysis should be supported by consistent data.

Inductive Reasoning in Qualitative Research

• Inductive reasoning is used in qualitative analysis based on collected data which is then developed into hypotheses that are tested repeatedly until they become theories.

Conclusion

The speaker concludes by summarizing the importance of qualitative research in criminology and the need for researchers to be well-prepared and thorough in their data collection and analysis.

Importance of Qualitative Research

• Qualitative research is important in criminology as it allows for a comprehensive understanding of social issues related to law enforcement, crime investigation, etc.

• Thorough data collection and analysis are necessary to draw credible conclusions that can be communicated effectively.

Introduction to Qualitative Data Analysis

This section provides an introduction to qualitative data analysis and the process of analyzing data.

Process of Analyzing Data

• Information obtained from interviews is analyzed through conclusion drawing, which involves a process of data analysis.

• The process includes reducing data by carefully and thoroughly noting it down, presenting it through display, and then summarizing it into categories.

• Qualitative analysis techniques include domain analysis, which provides a general overview of the research object or social situation.

• Taxonomic domain analysis is used to obtain more detailed information about the internal structure of the selected domain through focused observation and componential analysis.

• Cultural theme analysis is used to identify relationships between domains and how they relate to the whole.

Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research

• Validity in qualitative research can be tested through internal validity, external validity, consistency via reliability testing, and naturalism via objectivity testing.

• To test for credibility in data, researchers can use methods such as prolonged observation, triangulation of data sources (interviews, observations, documentation), discussion with peers or member checking.

• External validity can be tested by explaining research results systematically and reliably so that they are useful for other populations.

• Reliability in qualitative research refers to replicability or reproducibility of the research process from problem formulation to conclusion drawing.

Conclusion

This section provided an overview of qualitative data analysis processes including reduction of data into categories using domain analysis techniques such as taxonomic domain analysis and cultural theme analysis. It also discussed the importance of validity and reliability testing in qualitative research.

Introduction to Research Process

In this section, the speaker introduces the research process and its various stages.

The Research Process

• The research process involves formulating a problem, selecting a method, conducting a proposal seminar, collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

• Reliability and objectivity are important standards for research. Objectivity means that the research is unbiased and reliable means that it can be replicated with similar results.

• The process of research must be conducted in order to ensure reliability and objectivity of the results.

Importance of Objectivity in Research

In this section, the speaker emphasizes the importance of objectivity in research.

Objectivity in Research

• Objective research is agreed upon by many people as being accurate and unbiased.

• Objectivity ensures that the results obtained from research are reliable.

Conclusion

In this section, the speaker concludes by thanking students for their attention and encouraging them to present their own proposals using appropriate methods.

Conclusion

• Students are encouraged to present their own proposals using appropriate methods.