El IMPERIALISMO durante el Siglo XIX - Resumen | El Imperialismo en África y en Asia.

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The late 19th century saw powerful European countries competing for political and economic dominance in new territories worldwide, marking the onset of a period characterized by the emergence of a new imperialism. This imperialism led to the subjugation of other countries by major European powers and intense competition for control.

Reasons for the Emergence of New Imperialism

• European powers sought natural resources and products unavailable in their own continent due to industrial development.

• Competition among European states drove imperialism as acquiring colonies enhanced international prestige and weakened rivals.

• Nationalist sentiments fueled interest in imperialism, associating expansion with national glory and power.

• A sense of moral superiority justified imperialist actions, viewing themselves as superior civilizations entitled to impose their dominance on other peoples.

Expansion into Africa

• In the late 19th century, European nations moved beyond coastal trading posts in Africa to compete for control over vast territories.

• The UK dominated significant parts of Africa, establishing colonies like Rhodesia in South Africa through mining ventures.

British Expansion in Africa

• Conflict arose between British settlers and Boers (Dutch colonists), leading to the Boer War which ended with British victory consolidating control over South African territory.

• Britain aimed to control the Suez Canal, leading them to establish a protectorate in Egypt along with dominion over Sudan, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, and Somalia.

French and Belgian Imperialism

• France expanded its African empire by controlling Algeria initially then establishing French West Africa through Tunisia's domination and a protectorate over much of Morocco.

• Belgium under King Leopold II focused on central African jungles founding numerous Belgian settlements in Congo.

Italian and German Imperial Ambitions

• Italy's failed colonization attempt in Ethiopia was followed by successful conquest of Ottoman Tripolitania renamed Libya later on.

• Germany shifted from initial colonial disinterest to establishing colonies like Cameroon, Togo Landia, and Tanganyika in Southwest Africa.

Overall Impact of European Imperialism

Chinese and Japanese Imperialism in the 19th Century

This section discusses how China, Japan, and Korea managed to avoid occupation of their territories until the 19th century when European countries like the UK and Russia began expanding their dominions in Asia and Oceania.

China's Response to Imperialism

• European powers like the UK forced China to open its borders for international trade.

• The weakened Chinese empire had to allow various countries including France, Germany, Russia, USA, and Japan to establish their commercial posts within Chinese territory.

Impact on Japan

• The US compelled Japan to open its borders through Commodore Matthew Perry's naval forces.

• Japan felt humiliated by the forced opening of its borders leading to the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.

Consequences of Imperialism

This part delves into the consequences of imperialism on conquered peoples such as exposure to Western culture in Africa and political upheavals in China and Japan.

Effects on African Societies

• Africans were educated in colonial schools with Western values but faced inequality under colonial rule.

• African resistance grew against colonial dominance leading to the formation of political organizations crucial for post-WWII independence movements.

Impact on China and Japan

• In China, foreign presence led to internal instability culminating in a rebellion quashed by foreign troops.

• The weakened Chinese empire transitioned into a republic after revolutionary forces overthrew the emperor.