1001-PE-0003-BRA-I: PLANO DE RESPOSTA A EMERGÊNCIAS AMBIENTAIS DO ATIVO DE PRODUÇÃO DA OPERAÇÃO

Emergências Ambientais: Combate a Derramamentos de Óleo

Introdução ao Módulo

• O módulo tem como objetivo familiarizar e treinar colaboradores da Carm Energy e parceiros nas ações de combate a derramamentos de óleo utilizando técnicas avançadas.

Incidentes Históricos Relevantes

• O naufrágio do RMS Titanic em 1912 é destacado como um evento que alertou autoridades sobre a necessidade de melhores práticas em inspeção e equipamentos de salvamento.

• Outro incidente significativo foi o vazamento da plataforma BP no Golfo do México, que resultou em um impacto ambiental severo, liberando aproximadamente 507.000 litros de petróleo.

Avanços Tecnológicos e Protocolos

• Os incidentes mencionados levantaram questões sobre tecnologia, treinamento e protocolos necessários para prevenir futuros desastres ambientais. Isso levou à criação de novas convenções e procedimentos na área.

• A mudança da matriz energética do carvão para o petróleo no século XIX contribuiu para um aumento nos vazamentos, especialmente no ecossistema marítimo, que enfrenta desafios únicos durante as operações de emergência.

Iniciativas da ONU e Normas Internacionais

• A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), através da IMO (Organização Marítima Internacional), está atenta aos acidentes marítimos e desenvolve normas para mitigar impactos ambientais decorrentes desses eventos.

• A MARPOL é uma convenção importante que estabelece diretrizes para controle e prevenção da poluição marinha, incluindo regras sobre descarte seguro de água de lastro por embarcações.

Diretrizes Específicas da MARPOL

• A MARPOL exige vistorias periódicas em embarcações e regulamenta o alijamento seguro dos resíduos, exigindo documentação detalhada sobre descartes realizados pelos navios.

• Uma inovação trazida pela MARPOL foi a obrigatoriedade de construção de navios com cascos segregados ou duplos, aumentando a segurança contra vazamentos em caso de falhas mecânicas.

Planos Emergenciais

• A CONAMA 398 estabelece requisitos mínimos para planos emergenciais individuais, incluindo equipamentos essenciais como barreiras e motobombas para resposta rápida a incidentes ambientais.

Emergency Communication Protocols in Environmental Incidents

Overview of Regulatory Framework

• The discussion begins with the importance of having a minimum set of resources to comply with CONAMA 398 guidelines, which relate to individual emergency plans.

• Federal Decree 4871 mandates immediate communication to the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) regarding any incidents that may pose risks to public health, safety, or the environment.

• Specialized sectors within projects are responsible for communicating incidents to regulatory bodies, including federal and state environmental agencies.

Legal Obligations and Incident Reporting

• Law 9605 addresses environmental crimes and emphasizes the need for prior communication about potential pollution incidents.

• Law 9966, known as the Oil Law, focuses on preventing and controlling pollution from oil spills and is considered fundamental in this context.

Emergency Response Structure

• The implementation of programs like Pegasus has led to the establishment of readiness bases and emergency response centers as part of compliance with the Oil Law.

• Before taking action during an incident, external actors such as ANP and local authorities must be notified; this includes reporting any potential contamination in water bodies.

Communication Flow During Incidents

• Article 22 of the Oil Law requires immediate notification to environmental agencies when incidents occur that could lead to national jurisdictional pollution.

• The communication process involves various regulatory sectors assessing incident severity based on volume and criticality levels.

Incident Management Procedures

• A clear communication flow is outlined in procedure 1017, detailing how project collaborators should report incidents through designated emergency channels.

• Observers must provide detailed information about incidents while ensuring their own safety; this includes specifics about containment loss or proximity to water bodies.

Coordination Among Response Teams

• Upon receiving incident reports, teams will assess conditions on-site for leak mitigation and data collection before escalating issues to relevant departments like environment and safety.

• An organizational structure is established for crisis management where key players convene in a crisis room for decision-making throughout an incident's lifecycle.

Emergency Response and Contingency Planning

Key Players in Emergency Situations

• The players involved in emergency response are crucial decision-makers during significant accidents, guiding field teams on necessary actions.

Scope of Pollution Control Activities

• Pollution control activities apply to all emergency situations occurring in terrestrial fields related to production operations, including those by KMO and contracted companies across various installations.

Geographic Coverage of Operations

• The operational area encompasses multiple municipalities within the state of Sergipe, covering 11 fields such as Riachuelo and Carmópolis, indicating a broad scope for emergency response efforts.

Importance of Detailed Assessments

• In case of an oil spill, detailed assessments must be conducted to identify impacted areas, contamination levels, and soil infiltration to ensure effective initial response actions.

Avoiding False Positives in Incident Reporting

• It is critical to verify incidents thoroughly before deploying teams to avoid false positives that waste resources; accurate reporting ensures efficient use of personnel and equipment.

Contingency Preparedness

Definition and Importance of Contingency Planning

• Contingency planning involves maintaining a constant state of readiness for potential risks associated with operations or services that could lead to emergencies. This includes having trained personnel and operational equipment ready at all times.

Structure of the Contingency Team

• The contingency team consists of a contract manager, safety technicians, agricultural technicians, and seven field operation teams working around the clock without gaps in coverage.

Equipment Utilization for Effective Response

• Teams utilize specialized vehicles like vacuum trucks and backhoes due to challenging local geology; this equipment is essential for optimizing service efficiency during pollution control efforts.

Techniques for Oil Spill Management

Aerial Surveillance Techniques

• Monitoring oil spills can involve aerial surveillance using drones or helicopters; however, safety protocols prevent exposing personnel to dangerous conditions during these operations.

Mechanical Dispersion Methods

• Mechanical dispersion techniques involve using water jets from vessels equipped with specific devices designed to break down oil particles; however, these methods require regulatory approval under Brazilian law before implementation.

Oil Spill Response Techniques

Chemical Dispersal and Containment Methods

• The discussion begins with the mention of chemical dispersal techniques, specifically using bioremediators and chemical dispersants via dedicated vessels like CH Spray TC3. However, these methods are not currently employed in the context described.

• In offshore oil spill situations, burning is a technique used for containment; however, air contamination concerns limit its application. This leads to a focus on land-based pollution control actions.

Pre-Cleaning Strategies

• When anticipating oil contact with sensitive areas, pre-cleaning is essential to minimize residual waste before the oil reaches critical locations such as beaches or estuaries. Effective pre-cleaning can help protect local vegetation from further contamination.

• Manual and mechanical removal methods are emphasized as primary strategies in current projects, particularly in sensitive environments like mangroves and protected areas (APP). Manual techniques allow for better substrate control compared to mechanized approaches which can be more aggressive.

Equipment and Techniques Used

• Various equipment is utilized for cleaning operations including vacuum trucks combined with high-pressure washing systems. These vehicles facilitate effective cleaning through water jet applications that help dislodge oil from surfaces.

• A specific technique mentioned involves enlarging contaminated areas to allow trapped oil to surface due to its lower density compared to water, enabling easier collection during cleanup efforts. This process requires multiple steps and careful monitoring of environmental conditions.

Environmental Impact Considerations

• The impact of fuel combustion from response vessels is noted as a significant environmental concern during marine operations; however, this impact is primarily limited to fuel emissions rather than direct oil contamination events caused by operational failures.

• Operational limitations arise when sea conditions exceed certain thresholds (scale above four), affecting both efficiency in pollution response actions and increasing risks for personnel involved in maritime operations due to heightened dangers at sea. Safety protocols must be strictly followed under these circumstances.

Maneuvering Challenges at Sea

• All maritime maneuvers require patience and precision due to the inherent difficulties faced at sea compared to land operations; maintaining control during these actions is crucial for successful outcomes in spill response efforts. Proper angles must be preserved when deploying containment barriers or other equipment during operations at sea.

Barrier Design Considerations

• The physical structure of containment barriers includes components such as floats, vertical skirts (saia), ballast weights, and tension cables that secure them in place; various types exist tailored for different environmental conditions based on their size specifications (e.g., 500mm - 15 inches). Understanding site-specific requirements informs barrier selection decisions effectively.

• For example, smaller barriers may suffice in calm waters while larger ones are necessary for fast-flowing rivers where they will face greater challenges from currents; thus proper sizing according to location specifics is vital for effective deployment against potential spills or leaks from vessels operating nearby ports or waterways.

Oil Containment Strategies and Techniques

U-Shaped Formation for Oil Containment

• The U-shaped formation is a method where vessels create a literal "U" shape to capture oil, allowing it to be transferred to temporary storage tanks.

• Other formations like J-shaped and deflections are also mentioned, but the U-shape is the most commonly used in this project.

Barriers and Absorbent Materials

• The orange barrier is specifically designed for containment, while the white barrier serves protective purposes only; it should not be used for containment.

• Absorbent materials are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water and absorb oil. They can hold up to five times their weight in oil before needing replacement.

Maintenance of Containment Systems

• Saturated absorbent materials must be removed and replaced when they become heavy or submerged in water.

• Natural barriers made from local substrates are effective for areas with difficult access, provided all regulations are followed.

Importance of Emergency Zone Management

• Emergency teams must respect designated zones (hot, warm, cold) to prevent contamination of unaffected areas during an incident response.

• Personnel should minimize movement between zones to avoid spreading contaminants; only essential staff should operate within hot zones.

Decontamination Procedures

• When transitioning between zones, personnel must follow decontamination protocols to ensure that no contaminants spread outside designated areas.

• Visual aids illustrate safe pathways for personnel and highlight decontamination stations necessary after exiting contaminated zones.

Types of Absorbent Materials Used

• Various absorbent materials such as mats, pillows, organic tufts, and substrates can effectively absorb oil while repelling water.

• Careful selection of absorbent materials is crucial; they should meet technical specifications that allow proper oil percolation through their structure.

Oil Spill Response Techniques

Absorbent Materials and Their Limitations

• Absorbent materials are not suitable for thick crude oil; they are designed for thinner oil layers.

• Thick crude oil requires different collection methods, such as skimmers, to effectively manage spills.

• The use of absorbents generates waste that must be regularly replaced once saturated, leading to increased costs.

Techniques for Oil Spill Management

• A "ray x" technique is employed to understand the layout of pipelines in spill areas, preventing further incidents during cleanup operations.

• Water samples are collected for analysis based on CONAMA parameters, ensuring compliance with environmental standards.

Technological Resources in Pollution Control

• Drones provide a broader view of affected areas, allowing for better planning and execution of response actions.

• Thermal imaging technology helps identify pollution in water bodies that may not be visible to the naked eye, especially after an incident involving produced water.

Effectiveness of Thermal Imaging

• Thermal devices can quickly indicate affected areas due to the high salinity levels in polluted water, aiding immediate response efforts.

• This technology assists in tracking the path of contamination and locating any wildlife or individuals potentially impacted by the spill.

Conclusion and Availability for Questions

• The speaker expresses gratitude and invites questions regarding environmental emergencies or related topics from attendees at any time.