ESPAÑA EN EL SIGLO XIX | De Fernando VII al Sexenio Democrático (1814 - 1874)

Introduction

The speaker is asked if they can help improve someone's image on social media. The speaker expresses their negative opinion about the person, stating that they believe the person is one of the worst kings in Spanish history.

Can I help improve your image on social media?

• The speaker finds it difficult to help because they believe the person is one of the worst kings in Spanish history.

• They mention that the person betrayed their father before the War of Independence and later betrayed liberals during the war.

• The person initially accepted and then rejected the Constitution of 1812, calling upon foreign allies to expel liberals from Spain.

Fernando VII's Return to Spain

After the end of the Spanish War of Independence in 1814, Fernando VII returns to Spain as a desired king. However, his arrival does not bring internal peace as he quickly opposes liberals who expected him to accept the Constitution and reforms made by previous governments.

Arrival of Fernando VII and Opposition from Liberals

• Fernando VII's return did not bring internal peace as he opposed liberal reforms.

• Liberals expected him to accept the Constitution of 1812 but instead he abolished it with support from absolutist factions.

• During his early years as king, Fernando VII ruled with absolute power and repressed liberals.

Rafael de Riego's Pronouncement

In 1820, Colonel Rafael de Riego pronounces in favor of the Constitution of Cadiz, initiating a rebellion against King Fernando VII's absolutist rule. This leads to a period known as "Trienio Liberal" where liberals govern for three years until 1823.

Rebellion against Absolutism

• Colonel Rafael de Riego pronounces in favor of the Constitution of Cadiz and rebels against King Fernando VII's absolutist rule.

• The rebellion spreads throughout Andalusia, threatening royal power.

• Fernando VII is forced to change his stance and swear allegiance to the constitution.

The Decada Ominosa

In 1823, the "Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis" (One Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis), a French army sent by the Holy Alliance, restores absolute monarchy in Spain. This marks the beginning of a dark period known as the "Decada Ominosa" (Ominous Decade).

Restoration of Absolute Monarchy

• The Holy Alliance sends an army to restore absolute monarchy under Fernando VII.

• The "Decada Ominosa" is characterized by repression against liberals throughout Spain.

• This period sees little progress or significant events.

Succession Conflict and Carlist Wars

After Fernando VII's death in 1833, a succession conflict arises between his daughter Isabel and his brother Carlos. This leads to the Carlist Wars, which were fought between supporters of Queen Isabel II (primarily liberals) and supporters of Carlos (primarily absolutists).

Succession Conflict and Carlist Wars

• Fernando VII names his three-year-old daughter Isabel as his successor, angering his brother Carlos who proclaims himself king with support from absolutists.

• The Carlist Wars erupt between supporters of Queen Isabel II (liberals) and supporters of Carlos (absolutists).

• The conflict mainly takes place in northern Spain, where Carlism becomes a stronghold for absolutism.

Conclusion

The transcript provides insights into King Fernando VII's reign, including his betrayals, opposition to liberal reforms, rebellion against absolutism, restoration of absolute monarchy, and the succession conflict leading to the Carlist Wars.

Differences between Liberal Moderates and Progressives

This section discusses the basic differences between liberal moderates and progressives during this time period.

Key Points:

• Liberal moderates and progressives competed for power in the courts.

• They implemented important measures such as expropriating church property and land through desamortizaciones.

• The progressive constitution of 1837 was enacted.

• Disagreements between the factions led to Maria Christina abdicating as regent, leaving General Espartero in power.

• Espartero's authoritarian rule caused division within liberalism, leading to his regency lasting only three years.

Reign of Queen Isabella II

This section focuses on Queen Isabella II's reign and her reliance on liberal moderates.

Key Points:

• Queen Isabella II became queen at the age of 13, supported primarily by liberal moderates.

• Her reign initially brought relative stability but faced a crisis in 1866 due to political and economic issues.

• The crisis led to a breakdown in understanding between progressives and moderates, with progressives aligning with more radical positions such as the democrats.

Pact of Ostend and Glorious Revolution

This section discusses the Pact of Ostend, orchestrated by Juan Prim, which led to the Glorious Revolution in 1868.

Key Points:

• Juan Prim, a progressive general, formed an alliance with democrats to overthrow Queen Isabella II through the Glorious Revolution of 1868.

• The new government aimed to overcome Spain's political, social, and economic crisis by implementing progressive policies.

• Universal male suffrage was approved along with a more progressive constitution in 1869.

Search for a Progressive Monarch

This section explores the search for a progressive monarch after the establishment of the new regime.

Key Points:

• The new Spanish state needed a king, and Juan Prim sought a progressive-minded individual.

• Amadeo de Saboya, an Italian hero of unification, was chosen as the king.

• However, before his arrival in Spain, Juan Prim was mysteriously assassinated in 1870.

Abdication of Amadeo de Saboya

This section discusses the short-lived monarchy of Amadeo de Saboya and his subsequent abdication.

Key Points:

• Amadeo de Saboya faced challenges upon arriving in Spain as his main supporter, Juan Prim, had been assassinated.

• He lacked significant support in the country, leading to a tumultuous two-year reign.

• Social unrest, pressure from liberals, and the threat of another Carlist uprising forced Amadeo to abdicate in February 1873.

Proclamation of the Republic

This section focuses on the proclamation of the republic in 1873 following Amadeo's abdication.

Key Points:

• With no alternative solution after Amadeo's departure, the Cortes proclaimed a republic as Spain's form of government.

• The republican movement aimed to consolidate a progressive and democratic system established after the revolution of 1868.

• Prominent figures during this period were Pi y Margall and Castelar.

Challenges Faced by First Spanish Republic

This section highlights the challenges faced by the first Spanish Republic during its brief existence.

Key Points:

• The first Spanish Republic lasted only one year due to opposition from liberals, monarchists, and remaining absolutists.

• The republic also faced opposition from various communities and provinces that declared themselves independent cantons.

• These challenges ultimately led to the downfall of the first Spanish Republic.

Due to the length of the transcript, some sections may have been omitted for conciseness.

New Section

The transcript discusses the restoration of the monarchy in Spain in 1874, following a coup d'état by General Martínez Campos.

Restoration of the Monarchy

• In December 1874, just one year after the proclamation of the republic, General Martínez Campos stages a coup d'état and proclaims the return of the Bourbon monarchy.

• Alfonso XII, the eldest son of Queen Isabella II, is proclaimed as the new monarch.

• This event marks the beginning of the Restoration period in Spanish history.

New Section

The video concludes with a closing message and encourages viewers to subscribe and like for more historical content.

Conclusion and Closing Message

• The video concludes here.

• Viewers are encouraged to subscribe and like for more historical content.

• The next video will be released soon. Goodbye!