Mécanique des sols- Géotechnique- Chapitre 3: Calcul de la poussée des terres 3: avec surcharge
Understanding Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls
Introduction to Lateral Pressure Calculations
- The discussion begins with the need to calculate lateral pressure exerted on a retaining wall designed to hold back soil characterized by specific volume and deltae in terms of teeth count.
- It is assumed that the wall is made of masonry, focusing on how to compute the lateral pressure from soil without any surcharge applied.
Impact of Surcharge on Soil Retention
- A surcharge, expressed in kg/m², can be applied over the free surface of retained earth, such as gardens or roads, affecting the calculations for retaining walls.
- Two types of pressures are identified: previously calculated triangular pressure and new concentrated loads due to surcharges. The latter transforms existing triangular pressures into concentrated forces.
Mechanisms of Pressure Transfer
- The new pressure resulting from surcharge is described as being generated by this additional load; it’s crucial to understand how these surcharges interact with the retaining structure.
- There’s a mechanism where surcharge affects soil which then transmits some pressure onto the wall. This transmission isn’t total because part of it is supported by the soil itself.
Factors Influencing Pressure Transmission
- The amount of pressure transmitted depends on both the magnitude of surcharge and characteristics of the soil. Greater surcharges lead to higher transmitted pressures.
- Horizontal pressures are calculated based on vertical stresses multiplied by a coefficient related to soil properties (kbc), emphasizing that understanding these coefficients is essential for accurate calculations.
Calculation Methods for Horizontal Pressures
- Horizontal stress can be derived from vertical stress using established formulas, reinforcing previous knowledge about calculating horizontal forces acting upon structures like walls.
- Uniformly distributed pressures across height h create rectangular diagrams representing these forces, which must be accounted for in structural analysis.
Example Problem: Calculating Earth Pressures
- An example problem involves calculating earth pressures against a retaining wall under specific conditions including an angle of natural repose and given weights per meter squared.
- The calculation process includes determining resultant forces and moments acting upon the wall due to earth pressures, leading towards understanding stability issues like overturning moments.
Conclusion: Importance of Accurate Calculations
- Emphasizing accuracy in calculations ensures safety and effectiveness in design when dealing with retaining structures subjected to various loads and environmental factors.
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Pressure Calculations and Stability Analysis
Understanding Pressure Diagrams
- The calculation of pressure involves determining the weight per unit length, expressed as 0.4 multiplied by 139, then by 2000 and finally by 3.3, resulting in a value of 1897.4 kg/m² at a height of 3.3 m.
- The second thrust is generated from a uniform rectangular pressure diagram, equating to four times the base area, yielding a pressure of approximately 75.6 kg/m².
- This uniform pressure diagram indicates that the total pressure increases with height, reaching up to 197.4 kg/m² for calculations involving triangular pressures.
Total Thrust Calculations
- To calculate total thrust, one must consider both soil and water pressures; initial calculations yield a total thrust of approximately 4588 kg.
- A force represented as a triangle applies at two-thirds height (1/3), leading to concentrated forces calculated at specific points within the structure.
Lever Arm Considerations
- The lever arms are crucial for stability analysis; they are measured relative to specific points on the wall (e.g., point B), affecting how forces interact with structural elements.
- An example illustrates that when calculating moments around pivot points, values such as 6216 can indicate potential destabilization risks for walls if not properly accounted for.
Wall Stability and Safety Factors
- Without knowing wall thicknesses or other dimensions, verifying wall stability against overturning becomes challenging; however, safety factors can be applied based on known parameters.
- Recommendations include using safety coefficients (e.g., coefficient of friction = 0.6); this leads to determining necessary wall thicknesses under various loading conditions.
Additional Considerations in Structural Design
- In scenarios involving significant loads (like those from earth pressures), similar formulas apply regardless of material type; understanding these principles is essential for effective design.
- When dealing with reinforced concrete walls embedded in soil structures, it’s important to account for vertical loads alongside lateral earth pressures during calculations.
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